I’m pleased to meet with you and engage in a discussion about my mandate and some of my priorities as Minister of Fisheries, Oceans and the Canadian Coast Guard.

Mr. Chair, as you know, the oceans play a crucial role in the well-being and sustainability of Canada’s coastal communities, and all the people who call them home. This includes Indigenous peoples, for whom the oceans hold a special significance to their culture and way of life.

Our oceans serve as essential transportation routes, and have an enormous impact on our economy, employing tens of thousands of Canadians and contributing $52 billion to our GDP.

We work hard to keep these waters safe and accessible for the benefit of everyone who uses them, including through increased prevention of marine incidents and a more proactive response to oil spills and search and rescue incidents.

Canada’s oceans are also critical in regulating weather and climate, and they provide a habitat for so many marine species.

It’s clear that understanding and preserving the health of the oceans, including improving how we respond to incidents, is essential to the health of coastal communities and the long-term prosperity of the economy here and around the world.

Since 2015, our government has invested heavily in understanding, conserving and protecting our oceans and everyone who uses them for work and pleasure. This includes strengthening protections for our waters and proactively combating threats to maritime health and safety. As minister, my goal is to make sure this momentum continues.

I’d like to mention a few key priorities that will help us chart this course in the coming years.

Mr. Chair, first, our government has listened to the fishing industry and other stakeholders on the science needed to better understand Atlantic seal populations and their role in the ecosystem. We have heard the concerns about the impact of seals on fish stocks.

I am committed to the continuation of a sustainable and humane seal harvest in Atlantic Canada. We will continue to work with industry and Indigenous peoples on market-based solutions that benefit all Canadians, and we will do this in a way that supports economic growth and marine ecosystems.

Another priority for me, Mr. Chair, is finding the proper approach regarding rights-based fishing.

Thank you for your report Peace on the Water: Advancing the Full Implementation of Mi’kmaq, Wolastoqiyik and Peskotomuhkati Rights-Based Fisheries. I would like to commend Committee members for your diligence and commitment in studying and providing recommendations on the ways in which the Government of Canada can advance the implementation of rights-based fisheries.

My department will continue to work with Treaty Nations to further implement the right to fish in pursuit of a moderate livelihood and, where feasible, work to implement their visions and interests.

Third, as you know, Mr. Chair, ensuring our waters are safe and accessible is a priority for our government. The Canadian Coast Guard is a global leader in marine services, such as icebreaking in polar waters, and plays an essential role in search and rescue missions and in protecting Canadian waters.

Our government continues to make significant investments in the Canadian Coast Guard, so that the employees of this proud organization have the equipment they need to do their jobs.

In recent years sixteen search and rescue lifeboats, three science vessels and two survey and sounding vessels have been delivered to the Coast Guard fleet. We have also announced the addition of up to sixty-one new small vessels in the coming years, as well as twenty-seven larger ships including new icebreakers, and multi-purpose and Arctic and offshore patrol vessels.

These ships will ensure our waters remain safe for mariners across the country, and help us better understand our changing oceans.

Mr. Chair, the issue of opening and closing dates for fishing seasons often goes hand-in-hand with safety on the water. A few years ago we lost two crew members from the Tyhawk fishing vessel, when the ship capsized and the crew was forced into frigid waters.

The area where the Tyhawk was fishing had been opened three weeks early that year, and I acknowledge there was criticism of the decision to open the area early.

DFO has received the report from the Transportation Safety Board on the Tyhawk incident, and takes it very seriously. We will take the time needed to review it and determine next steps, but rest assured, Mr. Chair, that decisions to open and close fishing areas are not taken lightly, and are based on recommendations from local committees and advice from other federal departments. This practice will continue, taking all factors into consideration.

And finally Mr. Chair, our government is committed to maintaining the independence of hard-working inshore fishing licence holders on Canada’s East Coast, and ensuring that economic benefits stay with them and within their communities.

Mr. Chair, these are just a few examples of the priorities for me and my department.

I am confident that by working together with everyone who has a stake in this sector we will be able to best protect Canada’s oceans, marine ecosystems and habitats and grow the oceans economy, keep mariners safe, and advance reconciliation with Indigenous peoples.

Thank you.

B – Placemat

CESD Report: Monitoring Fisheries Catch

My Department is committed to responsibly managing Canada’s fisheries to promote healthy fish stocks and ecosystem productivity.

We are accelerating work on implementing the Fishery Monitoring Policy, modernizing fisheries information management systems, reviewing the third-party observer programs, and developing a roles and responsibilities framework for third-party monitoring programs.

Many actions are already underway to address the recommendations in the Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development’s 2023 report, and others will be rolled out over the next five years to ensure my Department sustainably manages the harvesting of commercial marine fisheries for future generations.

Inshore Regulations Update – Owner Operator and Fleet Separation

DFO continues to implement the inshore regulations to preserve the principles of Owner Operator and Fleet Separation.

This approach maintains and strengthens the independence of the inshore sector, and preserves the socio-economic and cultural environment of the coastal communities in Eastern Canada.

Foreign Ownership of Fishing Licences

The findings of the Beneficial Ownership Survey found that 2 per cent of survey respondents had some degree of foreign ownership within their corporate structure.

DFO will engage stakeholders on the results of the Survey, as well as identify additional means of examining foreign control, such as access leasing and concentration.

The Department is aware of the concerns expressed by the House of Commons Standing Committee on Fisheries and Oceans in their recent report on foreign ownership. A Government Response is being prepared.

Opening and Closing of Fisheries; Safety of Fishers - Decision Making Process

First Nations and stakeholders are consulted prior to the Department setting fisheries season opening dates. Safety at sea is a crucial component of these decisions.

The Department ensures key services are in place prior to the opening of the fisheries, including ice breaking, water and air search and rescue, navigation markers, and dredging.

Funding is allocated annually for ice breaking and dredging services to support its core operations for a safe opening of the fisheries. Simultaneous interpretation is also provided for communicating with our bilingual industry members.

Striped Bass Predation in Miramichi River

The striped bass population in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence has demonstrated a rebound since historic lows in the 1990s.

We have taken a responsive and incremental approach to increase First Nations access and recreational fishery opportunities for striped bass in the last number of years.

Striped bass abundance continues to fluctuate and the population is still considered to be in the cautious zone of the Precautionary Approach Framework.

Small Craft Harbours

Small craft harbours are one of my top priorities and are critical infrastructure for many coastal communities, supporting their economic prosperity.

Since 2016, our government has announced over $855 million in new funding to support small craft harbours, where 90 per cent of catches by Canadian commercial fish harvesters are landed.

This means harbour infrastructure, such as wharves and breakwaters, will be built using the latest climate-adapted standards and codes, increasing the overall resiliency of our harbours.

North Atlantic Right Whale Report

I thank the Committee for their report and their thoughtful recommendations regarding the protection of right whales.

The Government continues to take concrete steps to ensure right whales are protected from fishing gear entanglements, including using adaptive fishing closure protocols, and to reduce vessel strikes.

Budget 2023 provided $151.9 million over three years to continue Canada’s efforts to protect endangered whales, including right whales.

Closure of Atlantic Mackerel Fishery

The decision to maintain the Atlantic mackerel commercial and bait fishing closure was in response to the depleted status of this stock.

The spawning stock biomass of Atlantic mackerel is the lowest ever observed and has been in, or very near, the Critical Zone since 2011.

This decision was taken to help protect spawning fish and rebuild the stock as quickly as possible given the long-term risk associated with a stock remaining in a severely depleted state for a prolonged period.

Peace on the Water

The Department’s primary focus is to ensure a safe, orderly and sustainable fishery.

We remain firmly committed to working with Treaty Nations to further implement their fishing rights.

There is no one-size-fits-all approach to rights implementation. The Government of Canada will continue to engage Indigenous communities to better implement their vision for their fisheries, and to ensure a safe and sustainable fishery for the benefit of all.

These efforts will also align with Canada’s Action Plan to implement the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act.

Food, Social and Ceremonial Fisheries

My Department issues food, social, and ceremonial fishing licences to Indigenous communities to implement the communal right to fish for food, social, and ceremonial purposes.

Food, social, and ceremonial fishing varies by community throughout the year, and is not always aligned with commercial seasons or areas.

Indigenous Moderate Livelihood Fishing

Our government is committed to advancing reconciliation, and renewing the relationship with Indigenous peoples, based on the recognition of rights, respect, cooperation and partnership.

Through an array of collaborative arrangements and nation-to-nation agreements, my Department works with Treaty Nations to uphold treaty rights and protect fishery resources for the benefit of all.

DFO programs have enabled benefits to communities of over $170 million in annual landings and over $100 million in secondary economic benefits.

Our goal is to have fisheries that are peaceful, productive, and prosperous, that uphold the Marshall decisions, and ensure that Treaty Nations are able to exercise their rights in a way that is reflective of their visions and needs.

Reconciliation and UNDA

The UNDA Action Plan presents a roadmap of actions to implement the UN Declaration and advance reconciliation. DFO is fully committed to advancing the 11 measures under its purview in in ongoing consultation and cooperation with Indigenous peoples.

Recognizing that implementing the UN Declaration is generational work involving horizontal and deeply complex issues, DFO will continue to building on existing processes and partnerships to advance interests identified in the Action Plan in a manner that gives a voice to the Declaration. This includes:

Working in partnership to support Indigenous-led marine conservation and advance shared conservation goals;

Building Indigenous-led capacity in fisheries management and monitoring; and,

Enhancing collaborative fisheries governance with Indigenous partners.

Internal Measures to Tackle Systemic Racism

My Department is sustaining its efforts to move away from a relationship based on colonialism to one that recognizes and respects Indigenous rights and interests. More work remains to be done to address the systemic racism faced by Indigenous Peoples.

That said, my Department has taken a number of measures toward reconciliation and to combat systemic.

We are implementing deliberate strategies to increase the representation of Indigenous peoples at DFO and is promoting learning and awareness activities surrounding reconciliation.

Since 2015, DFO onboarded over 280 fishery officer cadets who completed their initial training. Once they are deployed into their detachments, Indigenous awareness training continues with a regional focus.

We will continue our implementation of cultural change across the organization’s operations.

Seal predation

DFO continues its research to better understand the role of seals in marine ecosystems. Scientists are gathering more data and working with partners on the potential impacts of seals on other commercial fish stocks.

My Department continues to work collaboratively with Indigenous and non-Indigenous harvesters to facilitate participation in the seal harvest while ensuring that conservation and humane harvest principles are upheld.

Seal Science and Collaboration and External Research

My Department conducts research to estimate the abundance of seals and sea lions and to better understand their role in marine ecosystems. DFO researchers work in collaboration with external partners and through a rigorous peer review process.

For example, my Department recently announced an investment of $643,900 in external funding to a combination of Indigenous, industry, and university groups to improve our understanding of the role of seals and sea lions in the ecosystem.

Trade barriers for seal products

The Government of Canada manages seals to promote a sustainable, humane, and well-regulated seal harvest that supports Canada’s Indigenous, rural, and coastal communities.

I am committed to working with my colleagues the Minister of Small Business, Export Promotion and International Trade, and the Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food as well as with the provinces and territories to promote and support market access for our sustainable and innovative Canadian seal sector.

Management of seal populations

DFO current approach to seal management focuses on a sustainable, humane, and well-regulated seal harvest that supports Canada’s Indigenous, rural, and remote communities.

This approach is informed by science, and ensures that seal populations stay above a precautionary reference level, in line with the Sustainable Fisheries Framework.

DFO has dedicated seal scientists and ongoing seal science activities, which include surveys and assessments to determine seal abundance, population trends, and distribution. The Department also does research to better understand seal diet and the role they play in the ecosystem.

Maritimes Search and Rescue

The Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) is the federal lead for maritime search and rescue in Canada, and marine safety is our highest priority.

The CCG serves the maritime community in Canada 24/7, along 243,000 kilometers of coastline; the longest coastline in the world. Every year, the CCG responds to more than 6,000 calls for maritime assistance. On a typical day, the CCG coordinates 18 search and rescue incidents, assists 47 people and saves 13 lives.

Thanks to the Oceans Protection Plan, the CCG is continuing to increase maritime search and rescue capacity.

Fleet Renewal

It is critical that the Canadian Coast Guard has the ships it needs to deliver critical marine navigation, search and rescue, and other safety services.

Significant progress has been made:

Since 2005, Canada has committed over $35 billion to advance the Canadian Coast Guard fleet renewal and sustain operations until new ships arrive.

Since 2015, the Coast Guard has taken delivery of three large vessels and 18 small vessels under the National Shipbuilding Strategy, 23 helicopters and four Interim Icebreakers.

Abandoned, wrecked, derelict vessels

The Government of Canada is working to reduce the number of hazardous vessels in Canadian waters and minimize their impact on coastal communities, the environment and the public.

The next phase of the Oceans Protection Plan includes a Hazardous Vessel Remediation funding envelope of $34.4 million over five years to allow for continued action on priority hazardous vessels.

DFO’s Small Craft Harbours Abandoned and Wrecked Vessels Removal Program has grants and contributions funding of $2.17 million over nine years as part of the Renewed Oceans Protection Plan (began in 2022).

Budget 2023 announced the creation of an owner-financed Vessel Remediation Fund. This fund should be operational in 2025, and provide sustainable funding to address hazardous vessels.

Canadian Coast Guard Presence in the Arctic

In 2021, the Government of Canada announced the construction of two Polar icebreakers under the National Shipbuilding Strategy, with the first of the Polar Icebreakers scheduled for delivery in 2030. These larger, more powerful Polar icebreakers will enable the Canadian Coast Guard to conduct year-round operations in Canada’s North to support Indigenous Peoples and northerners, strengthen Arctic sovereignty, advance high Arctic science, and better respond to maritime emergencies.

Since the implementation of the Arctic Region, the Coast Guard has strengthened its physical presence in the North via its assets, personnel and partnerships.

Science at the Department of Fisheries and Oceans

The Department conducts high quality science, in collaboration with partners, to inform decision-making for the benefit of Canadians.

Departmental scientists work with a range of partners and external experts in the collection of data and conducting research to address important issues, like sustainable fisheries and the impacts of climate change on the marine environment.

The Department is committed to communicating the results of our research to Canadians to ensure that they are well informed about issues concerning the oceans.

Climate Change

Climate change is a critical issue for Canada’s oceans and freshwater resources; it poses serious risks to our aquatic ecosystems and fisheries that support economic activity in coastal communities.

DFO scientists are conducting research into the climate vulnerability of fisheries and aquatic ecosystems and are monitoring and modelling changing ocean conditions to project and respond to climate-related changes.

The Department will continue to collaborate with domestic and international partners to better understand the climate vulnerability of fish stocks and assist fisheries decision-makers and fish harvesters to adapt to climate-related changes.

Permitting Process to Support Clean Growth

Under the Fisheries Act and the Species at Risk Act, the Department provides advice, and regulates works, undertakings, and activities occurring near water that could impact fish and fish habitat and aquatic species at risk.

In keeping with the Government’s commitment to grow the clean economy and meet net-zero commitments, Fisheries and Oceans is improving the predictability and transparency of its regulatory framework to support the development of clean growth projects.

Indo-Pacific Trade Agreements and Implications for DFO

As part of the Indo-Pacific Strategy, Canada is currently negotiating a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement with Indonesia and a free trade Agreement with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.

Global Affairs Canada is leading these negotiations, supported by Fisheries and Oceans Canada on issues related to my Department’s mandate.

Great Lakes Fishery Commission

Budget 2022 provided $19.6 million annually to the Great Lakes Fishery Commission to ensure its continued success.

The Great Lakes Fishery Commission is vital to controlling sea lampreys, conducting scientific research, and maintaining cooperation among Canadian and American agencies to manage and sustain the Great Lakes transboundary fisheries.

The Government is committed to preserving our freshwater resources and protecting the Great Lakes from invasive species.

Refocusing of Government Spending

Budget 2023 announced government spending reductions on travel and professional services, as well as a reduction of operating and transfer payment spending across all federal organizations to help achieve savings of $15.4 billion over five years.

In this first year, $25.7 million of the Department’s authorities have been frozen. This reduction was achieved through enhanced travel planning and the assessment of the professional services required.

Atlantic Fisheries Fund

The Government of Canada is committed to supporting innovation and sustainability in Canada’s fish and seafood sector. That is why it is investing over $400 million through the Atlantic Fisheries Fund, in partnership with the four Atlantic provincial governments.

Since 2017, 79 percent of program funds have been contracted with over 1,161 approved projects and 57 projects, valued at $55.4 million, pending approval.

Quebec Fisheries Fund

The Quebec Fisheries Fund is a contribution fund of over $40 million, over five years (2019 to 2024). The program is designed to support innovation and sustainability in the fish and seafood sector.

More than 60 percent of the available contribution budget has been committed to 160 projects.

Interest in the Quebec Fisheries Fund program remains strong with more than 30 projects, seeking funding of over $6 million, under evaluation.

Unauthorized Fishing in Nova Scotia

The Department’s primary focus is to ensure a safe, orderly and sustainable lobster fishery.

The Department is actively working with all parties involved in the fishery to ensure that Indigenous harvesters can exercise their Constitutionally-protected right to fish for food, social and ceremonial purposes and their treaty right to fish in pursuit of a moderate livelihood; and that the fishing taking place complies with the Fisheries Act.

Our fishery officers enforce the Fisheries Act, and that includes taking enforcement action when individuals are harvesting without a Fisheries and Oceans Canada issued authorization. Our officers work with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police or police of jurisdiction when violations, that go beyond Conservation and Protection legal authorities, are identified.

Since July 17, fishery officers have arrested 15 individuals, seized three vessels and a total of 1231 traps in southwest Nova Scotia, lobster fishing areas 33 and 34 for Fisheries Act violations. As a result of these efforts thousands of lobsters were released live, back into the ocean.

Investigations into these infractions are underway, and fishery officers will continue to monitor compliance with, and enforce, the Fisheries Act.

Commercial Elvers Fishery

The commercial elver fishery has grown exponentially in value over the past decade and has substantially lower entry costs compared to other fisheries.

This fishery presents a unique opportunity to assess the distribution of benefits and increase Indigenous participation in commercial fisheries.

As part of our ongoing commitment to sustainable, orderly, and safe fisheries for all participants, the Department is actively assessing measures to ensure a safe and sustainable fishery and to address compliance challenges. This includes consultation and engagement to address management concerns as well as the development of proposed regulations to enhance monitoring of elvers throughout the supply chain to the point of export from Canada.

Tidal Energy

The Department is working with industry, federal, and provincial partners to advance the responsible development of marine renewable energy, including tidal energy.

This is why the Government established a Task Force on Sustainable Tidal Energy to explore issues and opportunities associated with the deployment of tidal energy projects in the Bay of Fundy.

This Task Force is facilitating greater collaboration between the federal government, the Province of Nova Scotia, members of the tidal industry, and the tidal research community, and aims to submit its final report to Ministers in February 2024.

Avon River Tidal Gate / Highway 101 Twinning

Since 2019, the Department has been working with the province of Nova Scotia on their Fisheries Act application to twin Highway 101, which includes replacing the existing tidal gate structure on the Avon River.

The Department is waiting for information from the province on the project design to support regulatory requirements. When the Department has updated information, it will continue the project review, and consultation with the Mi’kmaq of Nova Scotia.

The Department is also working with the Province of Nova Scotia to bring the existing tidal gate structure into compliance with existing federal legislation.

Recreational fishery of Atlantic Salmon

Atlantic salmon is an iconic species with significant social, ceremonial and economic importance. The species is prized by recreational anglers and has a deep cultural meaning to Indigenous people.

The conservation of wild Atlantic salmon is a priority for DFO.

DFO holds annual advisory committee meetings across the Gulf Region where Indigenous groups and stakeholders have an opportunity to provide their advice for the management of the Atlantic salmon recreational fishery.

The most popular salmon rivers for anglers are the Miramichi, Nepisiguit and Restigouche Rivers located in New Brunswick, as well as the Morell and Margaree Rivers in Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia respectively.

The recreational fishery of Atlantic salmon in the Gulf Region is conducted as a catch-and-release fishery only within all of its jurisdiction since 2015.

Atlantic salmon populations have demonstrated declining trends over the last several years. The majority of the stocks in the Gulf Region are in the critical zone of the Precautionary Approach Framework.

Establishment of the Arctic Region

In October 2018, the Government of Canada announced the creation of stand-alone Arctic Regions for DFO and CCG.

Extensive engagement with Inuit, First Nations, and Métis governments and organizations occurred to ensure that the region’s boundaries, programs, and services delivered reflect the needs and priorities of the communities.

This regional structure supports Canada and the Department's commitments to reconciliation with Indigenous Peoples; cooperation with domestic and international partners; innovation with a northern focus; and a diverse, equitable, and inclusive workplace.

Through dedicated and ongoing planning capacity, the Department is delivering critical programs and services that are reflective of and responsive to the unique needs of Northern communities. Decision-making and policy implementation is undertaken by the North, for the North, and in the North.

Open-net pen Transition in British Columbia

We are working with the Province of British Columbia and Indigenous communities on a responsible plan to transition from open-net pen salmon farming in coastal British Columbia waters by 2025.

The vision of the Transition Plan is to advance innovation and growth in sustainable aquaculture in British Columbia to progressively minimize or eliminate interactions between farmed and wild salmon, while also taking into account social, cultural, and economic objectives.

We are ensuring that the transition is undertaken in a manner that respects the rights and interests of Indigenous Peoples, and supports coastal communities and workers.

Pacific Salmon Strategy Initiative

Pacific salmon populations are in serious decline due to climate change impacts, pollutants, changes in land and water use, and illegal harvesting.

To meet these challenges, the Government has invested $686 million over five years to implement decisive steps under the Pacific Salmon Strategy Initiative.

Targeted actions to date include the launch of the Pacific Salmon Commercial Licence Retirement Program and extension to the BC Salmon Restoration and Innovation Fund.

Shrimp and Redfish Fisheries of the Estuary and Gulf of St-Lawrence

The sharp decline in the abundance of shrimp in the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence is a cause for concern for the future of this commercial fishery.

The Department anticipated the recommendation process for the 2024 season by carrying out the stock assessment at the end of October and holding the advisory committee meeting on October 31 and November 1, so that I may make a decision on the total allowable catches (TAC) as soon as possible.

The total TAC for the four shrimp stocks will be 3,060 tonnes. This TAC will ensure a modest fishery, while allowing shrimp stocks to rebuild.

Discussions will take place shortly with industry and First Nations representatives, to finalize how this allocation will be managed.

10 percent of the redfish unit 1 quota is also reserved for shrimpers in the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence.

On January 26, 2024, I announced the re-opening of the commercial Redfish fishery in Unit 1, with a 10 percent allocation going to Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence shrimp harvesters, to provide a new source of income to these harvesters.

C – Senate Issue Notes

Indigenous-related Notes

C1 - Peace on the Water Report

The Department’s primary focus is to ensure a safe, orderly and sustainable fishery.
We remain firmly committed to working with Treaty Nations to further implement their fishing rights.
There is no one-size-fits-all approach to rights implementation. The Government of Canada will continue to engage Indigenous communities to better implement their vision for their fisheries, and to ensure a safe and sustainable fishery for the benefit of all.
These efforts will also align with Canada’s Action Plan to implement the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act.

Question 1: How will the Government ensure that Indigenous peoples have the fishing licences (“access”) needed to exercise their rights?

Since 2000, Fisheries and Oceans Canada has provided over $630 million in access and training to increase and diversify Indigenous participation in the fishery in Eastern Canada.
The willing buyer-willing seller approach remains the Department’s preferred approach to obtain access for rights-based fishing.
The Department acknowledges that a lack of willing sellers at market value cannot be an impediment to implementing rights-based fishing.
As needed, the Department will consider alternate access mechanisms to support rights-based fishing.

Question 2: Why should Fisheries and Oceans Canada oversee the implementation of fishing rights, and not Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada?

Fisheries and Oceans Canada works closely with other departments to advance a whole-of-government approach to rights implementation. This includes working on an ongoing basis with Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada.
The Department’s regulation of rights-based fisheries is consistent with the statutory powers and duties under the Fisheries Act. As regulator of the resource, the Minister is responsible for overseeing the complex fisheries conservation regime.

Question 3: Will the Department commit to using section 4.1 of the Fisheries Act to enter into collaborative fisheries agreements with Treaty Nations?

The Department is actively working with Treaty Nations to enhance existing tools and agreements to better deliver on the collaborative design, development, and delivery of fisheries management.
These ongoing collaborative efforts will ensure the sustainable use of fishery resources, which is a shared priority for the Government of Canada and all who make a living from Canada’s fisheries in coastal communities, including Indigenous Peoples.

Question 4: What is being done to ensure that Indigenous fish harvesters can safely and meaningfully exercise their fishing rights?

It is a priority that all fish harvesters are safe and supported.
This is why, in accordance with the Government of Canada’s Action Plan to implement the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act, DFO will establish mechanisms and processes to address systemic racism in the enforcement of fisheries laws and regulations.
To rebuild trust between Indigenous and non-Indigenous fish harvesters, we are also exploring ways to foster respectful, constructive dialogue regarding rights-based fisheries and the importance of reconciliation.

Background

On February 24, 2023, the government issued its response to the Standing Senate Committee on Fisheries and Oceans (POFO) report entitled “Peace on the Water: Advancing the Full Implementation of Mi’kmaq, Wolastoqiyik and Peskotomuhkati Rights-Based Fisheries” (the Report).
The Report was tabled in the Senate on September 27, 2022. It examines the federal government’s response to the 1999 Marshall decisions by the Supreme Court of Canada and the implementation of the rights of 34 Mi’kmaq and Wolastoqiyik First Nations in the Maritime Provinces and the Gaspé region of Quebec, and the Peskotomuhkati Nation at Skutik (“Treaty Nations”), to fish in pursuit of a moderate livelihood. The Report examines past policy responses and nation-to-nation agreements, concluding that Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) has not fully implemented rights-based fisheries for these Treaty Nations.
The Report presents ten recommendations for DFO, Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada, and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, including to directly reallocate fishing licences to Treaty Nations, to increase anti-racism and rights-based fishing education efforts, and to incorporate Indigenous knowledge into collaborative fisheries management decisions.
Between March and June 2023, the Senate Committee held six meetings with experts and witnesses from various backgrounds to study the Government Response. Some Treaty Nation representatives criticized the Government Response for a perceived lack of willingness to change fisheries-related regulations, policies, legislation, or programs to fulfill Canada’s obligations. DFO continues to implement rights-based fishing through an array of programming and nation-to-nation understandings and agreements. However, the right to fish in pursuit of a moderate livelihood is not frozen in time and requires ongoing implementation and adjustment over time. Work is ongoing in this regard.
As per section 4.1 of the Fisheries Act, the Minister may enter into an agreement with a province, or an Indigenous governing body established under a land claims agreement to facilitate cooperation between the parties; reduce overlap between their respective programs; facilitate enhanced communication between the parties; and facilitate public consultation. The Department is currently working on its 2023-24 annual report which will identify relevant Rights Reconciliation Agreements that were signed during that Fiscal Year.
On June 21, 2023, the Department of Justice released Canada’s Action Plan to implement the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act. All Ministers have been directed to implement the Action Plan and to work in partnership with Indigenous Peoples to advance their rights. DFO is leading on eleven Action Plan measures. Of note, Action Plan item #36 involves pursuing amendments and reforms to fisheries legislation, regulation or policies to support self-determination and meaningful implementation and exercise of Indigenous fishing rights. Efforts to implement Action Plan item #36 will align with recommendation #1 made by the Senate Committee in its report.

C2 - Food, Social and Ceremonial (FSC) Fisheries

My Department issues food, social, and ceremonial (FSC) fishing licences to Indigenous communities to implement the communal right to fish for food, social, and ceremonial purposes.
Food, social, and ceremonial fishing varies by community throughout the year, and is not always aligned with commercial seasons or areas.

Question 1: How does DFO decide how to issue food, social, and ceremonial licenses?

Food, social, and ceremonial licences are intended to reflect consultations with Indigenous communities to understand their needs and objectives related to FSC fisheries, regulations, and management measures that are in place to promote conservation and a safe and orderly fishery.

Question 2: What is DFO doing to combat unauthorized sale of FSC catch?

Food, social, and ceremonial catch is not for sale. Fishery Officers take a series of targeted enforcement actions to combat unauthorized fishing and sale, which includes education, issuing warnings, and/or laying charges, depending on their assessment of the situational factors.

Question 3: How is the Department working towards further implementing rights-based FSC fishing?

The Department continues to consult with Indigenous communities on their FSC objectives and interests. Subject to conservation, DFO pursues opportunities for providing FSC access to Indigenous communities to meet their FSC needs and objectives.

Background

Several court decisions (particularly the 1990 Sparrow decision) have found that certain Indigenous groups have the right to fish for food, social, and ceremonial (FSC) purposes – essentially, the right to fish to meet the internal needs of their communities.
Following those decisions, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) made a policy decision to provide FSC access to Indigenous groups across the country, this includes both Section 35 rights holders as well as other Indigenous organizations, such as native councils.
FSC licences are developed following consultations with Indigenous groups and the conditions of the licence are based on specific considerations present within each Indigenous community.
Once an FSC licence is issued to a community, individual Indigenous harvesters are designated by their communities to access the fishery, as specified under the Aboriginal Communal Fishing Licences Regulations.
Financial contributions through the long-standing Aboriginal Fisheries Strategy support development of community-based capacity to manage and monitor FSC harvesting, and to collaborate with DFO in related technical, scientific or compliance-oriented fieldwork, including by Aboriginal Fishery Guardians.
The Department’s position has been that FSC catches cannot be sold, but the FSC fishery can take place outside the established commercial fishing seasons.
DFO will continue to conduct monitoring, control and surveillance activities, with the objective of ensuring access to orderly, safe, and sustainable fisheries in support of the Department’s management objectives.
In early February 2022, DFO initiated a comprehensive consultation process with all First Nations in the Maritimes region about proposed changes to FSC lobster licences ahead of the 2022-23 season.
The main focus of this consultation process was to identify and support the FSC needs of the community, gear marking and other operational elements, and strengthening monitoring and catch reporting. The outcomes were captured in FSC conditions of licence and broader policy issues raised will inform DFO’s national work to address FSC concerns.
From 2018 to 2020, DFO Pacific Region conducted a broad engagement with First Nations in the region to better understand their FSC concerns and interests. The outcomes were captured in a “What We Heard” report. Updating the 1993 Policy for the Management of Aboriginal Fishing was identified as a key step to address concerns. The “What We Heard” report continues to inform DFO’s national work to address FSC concerns.
Consultations will continue with Indigenous communities across Canada to facilitate FSC community needs.

C3 – Indigenous Moderate Livelihood Fishing

Our government is committed to advancing reconciliation, and renewing the relationship with Indigenous peoples, based on the recognition of rights, respect, cooperation and partnership.
Through an array of collaborative arrangements and nation-to-nation agreements, my Department works with Treaty Nations to uphold treaty rights and protect fishery resources for the benefit of all.
DFO programs have enabled benefits to communities of over $170 million in annual landings and over $100 million in secondary economic benefits.
Our goal is to have fisheries that are peaceful, productive, and prosperous, that uphold the Marshall decisions, and ensure that Treaty Nations are able to exercise their rights in a way that is reflective of their visions and needs.

Question 1: How will the Government ensure that Indigenous peoples have the fishing licences (“access”) needed to exercise their rights?

Since 2000, Fisheries and Oceans Canada has provided over $630 million in access and training to increase and diversify Indigenous participation in the fishery in Eastern Canada.
The willing buyer-willing seller approach remains the Department’s preferred approach to obtain access for rights-based fishing.
The Department acknowledges that a lack of willing sellers at market value cannot be an impediment to implementing rights-based fishing.
As needed, the Department will consider alternate access mechanisms to support rights-based fishing.

Background

In 1999, the Supreme Court of Canada formally recognized the treaty right to hunt and fish for a moderate livelihood to 34 Mi’kmaq and Wolastoqiyik First Nations in New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and the Gaspé, Region of Quebec, as well as the Peskotomuhkati Nation at Skutik in New Brunswick (collectively referred to as “Treaty Nations”).
Over the past 24 years, DFO has provided Treaty Nations over $630 million in funding for fishing licences, vessels, gear and training to help increase and diversify participation in commercial fisheries.
In 2017, DFO launched the Rights Reconciliation Agreements (RRA) process with Treaty Nations, with a mandate to negotiate enhanced fisheries collaborative management, fisheries governance and increased fisheries access, all while recognizing but not defining the Moderate Livelihood right.
The RRA mandate expired in April 2023, with DFO concluding seven RRAs with 15 Treaty Nations (40 per cent of the total Treaty communities’ population).
In 2021, a new pathway to moderate livelihood rights implementation was announced through the development of Moderate Livelihood Fishing Plans (MLFPs). MLFPs are conducted within established commercial seasons, include other restrictions similar to those of regular commercial licences, and are harvested exclusively by community members for their own benefit. Of note, these are understandings, not agreements. To date, since 2021, 16 understandings with 15 Treaty communities have been reached.
DFO is working on a new path to best support Treaty Nations’ capacity to participate in fisheries, which has been informed by the lessons learned in nation-to-nation dialogue since 2017. There are several active litigations related to the Treaty right, including a claim by a Treaty Nation challenging DFO’s implementation of the right, and a judicial review by an industry group challenging the legality of one of the RRAs.
The Department continues to have regular and frequent meetings at various levels with non-Indigenous fishing industry stakeholders to answer questions about moderate livelihood fishing. However, non-Indigenous industry remains critical of being excluded from discussions with Treaty Nations and lack of transparency regarding Canada’s long-term approach to rights-based fishing.

C4 - Reconciliation and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act

Fisheries, oceans, aquatic habitat and marine waterways are of great social, cultural, spiritual and economic importance for Indigenous Peoples, and because of this, Fisheries and Oceans Canada and the Canadian Coast Guard plays an important role to advance federal reconciliation efforts.

Question 1: How is the Department working towards reconciliation?

DFO is committed to advancing reconciliation and endeavours to ensure that Indigenous Peoples participate as full partners in the sustainable use of the fishery resource, the protection of fish and fish habitat, and the safety, conservation, and management of oceans.
The Department delivers a robust program suite to support Indigenous community capacity, collaborative management, as well as commercial and economic development opportunities in fisheries and aquaculture Indigenous-led conservation models. Moreover, DFO is involved in 80 treaty and reconciliation negotiation tables nationwide.

Question 2: How will the Department implement the UN Declaration Action Plan?

The UNDA Action Plan presents a roadmap of actions to be undertaken by Canada, in ongoing consultation and cooperation with Indigenous peoples, to implement the UN Declaration and advance reconciliation. DFO is fully committed to advancing the 11 measures under its purview.

Recognizing that implementing the UN Declaration is generational work involving horizontal and deeply complex issues, DFO will continue to build on existing processes and partnerships to advance interests identified in the Action Plan in a manner that gives a voice to the Declaration. This includes working in partnership with Indigenous Peoples to support Indigenous-led marine conservation and advance shared conservation goals; building Indigenous-led capacity in fisheries management and monitoring; and, enhancing collaborative fisheries governance with Indigenous partners.

Background

Through policies, programs, treaty tools, and reconciliation agreements, the Department strives to manage fisheries, oceans, aquatic habitat, and marine waterways in a manner that respects Indigenous rights and interests, meets legal obligations, and reconciles Indigenous rights and interests with the interests of all harvesters.
DFO’s 2019 Reconciliation Strategy presents a long-term approach to advancing meaningful reconciliation with Indigenous peoples, notably by helping employees understand why and how reconciliation is significant to their daily work.
On June 21, 2021, the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act (UNDA) received Royal Assent. All Ministers have been directed to implement the UNDA in consultation and cooperation with Indigenous Peoples to:

Take all measures necessary to ensure the laws of Canada are consistent with the Declaration;
Prepare and implement an action plan to achieve the objectives of the Declaration; and
Develop annual reports on progress and submit them to Parliament.

On June 21, 2023, Justice Canada released the whole-of-government UNDA Action Plan, which provides a roadmap of actions Canada needs to take, in partnership and cooperation with Indigenous partners, to implement the Declaration and advance reconciliation.
DFO is currently identified as a lead department for the following 11 Action Plan Measures: 1) Fishing rights, legislative, regulatory, and policy amendments and reforms; 2) Collaborative governance and shared decision-making for fish and fish habitat and fisheries; 3) Capacity funding for fisheries, oceans and marine-related services and decision-making; 4) Support for fisheries Guardians; 5) Incorporation of Indigenous knowledge; 6) Pacific Salmon Strategy Initiative; 7) Marine Indigenous Protected and Conserved Areas; 8) Addressing systemic racism in enforcement of fisheries laws and regulations; 9) National aquaculture legislation; 10) Co-developing Nunavut Fishery Regulations; and 11) Modern Treaty partner collaboration on fisheries legislation and policies.
The Department has initiated discussions with some Indigenous partners to deepen consultation and cooperation processes toward implementation of the action plan measures and this work will continue. Implementation-focused engagement will be prioritized in a way that respects existing relationships, partnerships, and established governance, while recognizing the capacity of Indigenous partners.

C5 - Internal Measures to Tackle System Racism and in Support of Reconciliation

My Department is sustaining its efforts to move away from a relationship based on colonialism to one that recognizes and respects Indigenous rights and interests. More work remains to be done to address the systemic racism faced by Indigenous Peoples.
That said, my Department has taken a number of measures toward reconciliation and to combat systemic.
We are implementing deliberate strategies to increase the representation of Indigenous peoples at Fisheries and Oceans Canada and is promoting learning and awareness activities surrounding reconciliation.
Since 2015, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) onboarded over 280 fishery officer cadets who completed their initial training. Once they are deployed into their detachments, Indigenous awareness training continues with a regional focus.
We will continue our implementation of cultural change across the organization’s operations.

Question 1: What internal activities is the Department undertaking to eliminate systemic racism against Indigenous Peoples?

My Department is taking steps to educate our staff on Indigenous culture and history to equip them to address unconscious bias, and to support Indigenous employees within our organization.
My Department will be implementing mandatory training on cultural bias and Indigenous history which is foundational in supporting the necessary culture shift.
My Department also actively promotes and encourages employee participation in learning and awareness activities organized by partner organizations.

Question 2: What is the Department doing to ensure representation of Indigenous Peoples within its workforce?

We have made significant progress in recruiting Indigenous employees and currently meet the Workforce Availability (WFA) of 4.4 per cent.
The Executive cadre has met Indigenous representation objectives for the past two and a half years.
Although Indigenous representation is met nationally, gaps in some regions and sectors remain.
My Department is continuing to promote the recruitment of Indigenous peoples to address these gaps and ensure representation from all the many Indigenous communities.

Background

Table 1. National workforce representation of Indigenous Peoples and the Workforce Availability (WFA) gaps over the past 3.5 years
Details	2020-2021	2021-2022	2022-2023	2023-2024
Representation	622	682	718	781
Gap	70	149	131	165
EX Gap	-1	4	3	2

Positive numbers indicate the workforce exceeds WFA, whereas negative numbers indicate the workforce fails to meet WFA or is underrepresented.
Although Indigenous representation is met nationally, we are continuing efforts to address the gaps which remain in some specific regions and sectors, namely in CCG Atlantic, CCG Central, Pacific Region, and the Pacific Salmon Strategy Initiative.
The Department has undertaken a number of specific activities in support of a representative workforce over the last year, including:

Supporting Indigenous employee career progression by promoting the Indigenous Career Navigator Program, sponsoring Indigenous Peoples in the DFO/CCG Sponsorship Program, and integrating official language training for Indigenous employees who are ready for advancement as a priority in current and upcoming departmental action plans.
Prioritizing executives and future executives in Employment Equity (EE) groups, including Indigenous employees, for leadership development programs and initiatives;
Leveraging EE focused group hiring initiatives such as the Indigenous Federal Student Work Experience Program, Indigenous Internship Leadership Program, National Indigenous Student Recruitment Initiative and IT Apprenticeship Program for Indigenous Peoples to support Indigenous representation within my Department; and,
Addressing workplace barriers faced by Indigenous Peoples through the implementation of the 2022-2025 Accessibility Action Plan, and more will be done with the 2022-2027 EE, Diversity and Inclusion Action Plan implementation.

Additional efforts from the past year to eliminate systemic racism toward Indigenous Peoples include:

The development of devoted Indigenous spaces in facilities to support employees;
The organization of Indigenous-led cultural awareness events by Indigenous employee networks; and,
The sharing of information packages and sessions with new employees to better understand the Calls to Action of the National Truth and Reconciliation Commission.

Seal Notes

C6 - Seal Predation

Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) continues its research to better understand the role of seals in marine ecosystems. Scientists are gathering more data and working with partners on the potential impacts of seals on other commercial fish stocks.
My Department continues to work collaboratively with Indigenous and non-Indigenous harvesters to facilitate participation in the seal harvest while ensuring that conservation and humane harvest principles are upheld.

Question 1: How are science activities determined?

The Department determines its seal and sea lion science activities based upon overall Government of Canada and Departmental priorities and research initiatives identified by its scientists and their academic and non-academic collaborators.

Question 2: What is our understanding of the impacts of seals?

DFO scientists are actively involved in research, including with partners, to better understand the role of seals in marine ecosystems.
The potential impacts of seal predation on fish populations in the Atlantic varies. My Department has demonstrated the negative impacts of grey seal predation on the recovery of some depleted groundfish stocks in the Southern Gulf of St. Lawrence. However, for northern cod in Newfoundland and Labrador, the Department’s analyses indicate that harp seals are not the key driver of population status.

Background

Currently, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) manages commercial harvests for grey, hooded and harp seals in the Atlantic region; there are currently no fisheries for seals or sea lions in the Pacific region.
There is concern from the fishing industry on both the east and west coast regarding the potential impacts of seal and sea lion predation on commercially valuable fish stocks.
There are active DFO research projects on the East and West coasts of Canada to look at diet of key seal species.
DFO Scientists developed a new model to assess the Northwest Atlantic harp seal population. This new model was peer reviewed in October 2022 and the Research Document associated with the model was posted online in December 2023. Results were used at the Northern Cod Framework Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat (CSAS) process that took place in the NL region the week of October 16-20, 2023. The results of the harp seal model were incorporated into the modelling presented at the cod meeting.
The new harp seal assessment model includes additional inputs and is more flexible, allowing for more variability in model components. The new model also provides a better framework for including environmental factors and their impacts on reproduction and juvenile survival.
The new harp seal population estimate is lower than previous estimates because in the new model, juvenile survival is lowered, which has a significant impact on population size. Results from use of the new model with the 2019 survey data indicate that the population size of harp seals is 4.7 million, approximately 40 per cent lower than the estimate from the old, more rigid model.

C7 - Seal Science, Collaboration & External Research

My Department conducts research to estimate the abundance of seals and sea lions and to better understand their role in marine ecosystems. DFO researchers work in collaboration with external partners and through a rigorous peer review process.
For example, my Department recently announced an investment of $643,900 in external funding to a combination of Indigenous, industry, and university groups to improve our understanding of the role of seals and sea lions in the ecosystem.

Question 1: Who does seal science?

My Department has dedicated seal scientists in Pacific, Maritimes, Newfoundland, Quebec, and Arctic regions.
Departmental scientists regularly collaborate with university researchers, other government partners, non-profit organizations, Indigenous groups and industry.

Question 2: What science research is underway?

My Department recently assessed the abundance of harp and grey seals, and for the first time, Atlantic harbour seals. Surveys are underway to assess Pacific harbour seals.
Departmental scientists continue to collect the samples needed to monitor the long term abundance of harp and grey seal populations.
Work continues to estimate seal diet using a mix of traditional and new innovative approaches.
For example, satellite tags are being used to study the movements and ecosystem interactions of grey seals in Atlantic Canada and research is being done in the Arctic to investigate how seals are adapting to a warming climate.

Background

Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) seals and sea lions science focuses on assessing the abundance of commercially-important, subsistence-harvested and at-risk species.
Seals and sea lions surveys and research often take place in remote locations (e.g., sea ice, isolated oceanic islands) and harsh winter conditions and benefit from external collaborations.
Funding for four externally-led research projects to improve our understanding of the role of pinnipeds in the ecosystem was announced in September 2023.

In Newfoundland, the Fish, Food and Allied Workers were funded to identify local changes in seal abundance and distribution over the last 20-40 years by collecting current and historical observations by fish harvesters.
In British Columbia, the Heiltsuk Tribal Council was funded to collect data on the abundance, distribution, health, diet, and contaminants of sea lions in Heiltsuk Territory, and to identify how these factors have changed over time.
In Nova Scotia, researchers at Dalhousie University will develop a chemical tracer method to estimate seal diets in the Northwest Atlantic.
Researchers at Memorial University of Newfoundland will use two ecosystem models to evaluate key parameters of harp seal and cod interactions.

Arctic region has community-based monitoring and sampling programs in Ulukhaktok, NT and in 21 communities across Nunavut – these long-running programs (since 1992 and 1973, respectively) provide samples and information used to study the diet and health of seals and other Arctic marine mammals
Pacific region is collaborating with the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Organization (NOAA) to document the presence and abundance of sea lions hauled out in Pacific Rim National Park using a remote camera system.
Quebec region is collaborating with Aarhus University, Technical University of Denmark and the Ocean Tracking Network to use acoustic and satellite tagging to study harbour seal predation on salmon species in Europe – this project will develop technological and statistical methods that may be used in Atlantic Canada.
Maritimes Region is collaborating with researchers from Texas Tech University and University of Alaska-Fairbanks on projects that will provide samples for grey seal diet estimation and contribute to the long-running dataset needed to estimate age and sex-specific survival to inform the grey seal assessment model.
Newfoundland and Labrador region is collaborating with DFO-Arctic region, NOAA, the Greenland Institute of Natural Resources and the Norwegian Polar Institute to investigate the population structure of bearded seals across the Arctic.

C8 - Trade Barriers for Seal Products

The Government of Canada manages seals to promote a sustainable, humane, and well-regulated seal harvest that supports Canada’s Indigenous, rural, and coastal communities.
I am committed to working with my colleagues the Minister of Small Business, Export Promotion and International Trade, and the Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food as well as with the provinces and territories to promote and support market access for our sustainable and innovative Canadian seal sector.

Question 1: How is the Government supporting market development for Canadian seal products?

Fisheries and Oceans Canada has provided sustained support for the market development of Canadian seal products through programs such as the Canadian Fish and Seafood Opportunities Fund ($4.5 million), the Atlantic Fisheries Fund and Quebec Fisheries Fund ($1.3 million), and the Certification and Market Access Program for Seals ($5.67 million).
Fisheries and Oceans Canada works closely with Global Affairs Canada, and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada to develop international markets through programs such as the Trade Commissioner Service and Team Canada Trade Missions.

Background

The European Union (EU) seal regime, which was put into place in 2009, introduced a general ban on seal products. Under the 2015 amendment to the EU Regulation on trade in seal products, two exceptions have been granted: 1) seal products for the personal use for travellers or their families; and 2) Seal products resulting from hunts conducted by Inuit and other Indigenous communities.
Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) has supported market access, including navigating EU recognition of Indigenous seal products via the Certification and Market Access Program for Seals (CMAPS). CMAPS began as a five-year, $5.67 million program to support priorities including; projects that endeavor to establish and operate a tracking system to certify Indigenous seal products for export to the EU; projects that build capacity to improve exporter readiness of Indigenous seal products; and projects that aim to improve market access opportunities for commercially harvested seal products. As a result, CMAPS funding helped the Government of the Northwest Territories and the Government of Nunavut establish their respective certification bodies to benefit from Indigenous exceptions to access the EU market.
Seal harvesters are receiving funding through the Canadian Fish and Seafood Opportunities Fund (CFSOF). CFSOF has funded two projects with the sealing industry, totaling $4.5M, with the purpose of strengthening the sector and market conditions for Canadian seal products in domestic and international markets through marketing, branding, traceability, industry coordination, and quality assurance activities.
Sealing industry proponents are also eligible for project funding under the Atlantic Fisheries Fund (AFF) and the Quebec Fisheries Fund (QFF). Projects under AFF and QFF aim to help Canada’s seafood sector transition to meet growing market demands for products that are high quality, value added, and sustainably sourced. Combined, these funds have invested $1.3M in eight projects with the sealing industry in Atlantic Canada and Quebec related to product development, processing equipment upgrades and professional capacity building.
In 2022, DFO hosted the Seal Summit in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, to discuss opportunities to expand Canadian seal products into export markets, the importance of the seal harvest to Indigenous communities, and gaps in scientific data.
Under the Indo-Pacific Strategy, Canada has invested to work with our exporters to diversify our exports to the region and establish Canada as a preferred supplier. DFO is working with the seal sector to support them as they expand into these markets..

C9 - Management of Seal Populations

Fisheries and Oceans Canada’s (DFO) current approach to seal management focuses on a sustainable, humane, and well-regulated seal harvest that supports Canada’s Indigenous, rural, and remote communities.
This approach is informed by science, and ensures that seal populations stay above a precautionary reference level, in line with the Sustainable Fisheries Framework.
DFO has dedicated seal scientists and ongoing seal science activities, which include surveys and assessments to determine seal abundance, population trends, and distribution. The Department also does research to better understand seal diet and the role they play in the ecosystem.

Question 1: What is the Departments current seal management approach?

The Department manages seal populations in accordance with section 6 of the Marine Mammal Regulations (MMR) as well as the precautionary approach (PA) framework.
There are currently no imminent sustainability issues respecting the commercial exploitation of seal resources in Atlantic Canada and Quebec. The commercial harvest of Harp and Grey seals fall well within levels that DFO Science has identified as sustainable.

Question 2: Is the Department considering population control?

DFO uses the best available scientific information to make appropriate seal related management decisions.
My Department is not considering population control of Seals at this time, but rather aims for market-based solutions.
The best available science shows that populations of harp seals are smaller than previously projected and that natural factors are setting limits on their size and growth.

Background

Currently, DFO manages commercial harvests for grey, hooded, and harp seals in the Atlantic region; there are currently no fisheries for seals or sea lions in the Pacific region, however, there is a food, social, and ceremonial (FSC) harvest.
Harvest of pinnipeds for FSC purposes is permitted across Canada under the Marine Mammal Regulations. A licence is not required to harvest seals for FSC purposes.
The commercial harvest of harp seals typically occurs between late March and May in Atlantic Canada and Quebec. Hooded seals are harvested within the Newfoundland and Labrador region at the same time as the harp seal harvest; however, they are not the primary targeted species, and removals are minimal. Commercial harvest for grey seals occurs from late January to early February in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.
The Sustainable Fisheries Framework is a suite of policies that set out procedures to manage the risks fisheries pose to stocks and other ecosystem components. These include policies on the Precautionary Approach (PA), bycatch, sensitive habitat, and fishery monitoring.
Control programs did exist in Canada in the past (until the 1970s). However, these were discontinued due to pinniped species receiving statutory protection under the Fishery General Regulations, Marine Mammal Regulations, and the Fisheries Act.

D – Other Generic Issue Notes

D15 - Refocusing of Government Spending

Budget 2023 announced government spending reductions on travel and professional services, as well as a reduction of operating and transfer payment spending across all federal organizations to help achieve savings of $15.4 billion over five years.
In this first year, $25.7 million of the Department’s authorities have been frozen. This reduction was achieved through enhanced travel planning and the assessment of the professional services required.

Question 1 - How will the Department achieve their targeted reductions without affecting services to Canadians?

To achieve the reductions targets, the Department focused on:
Ensuring a balanced approach across headquarters and regions;
Ensuring critical operations are maintained; and,
Focusing on attrition and deployment of employees to higher priority activities to achieve personnel reductions.
The Department is committed to responsibly managing Canadians’ tax dollars by ensuring that operations and programs are effective, efficient and directed toward priorities.
The Department identified a range of proposals in order to meet the targeted reduction, while ensuring limited impacts on services to Canadians and continuing to advance Government priorities.
[Information was severed in accordance with the Access to Information Act.]

Question 2 - How will the Department avoid affecting employees?

Reductions related to professional services and travel will not lead to layoffs.
The Department reviewed its existing programs and operations and explored different approaches to streamlining or scaling back activities, such as professional services and travel, to provide better value for money.
The Department’s approach was presented to the Treasury Board Secretariat in early October. We are committed to sharing more details as they become available.

Background

Budget 2023 included a commitment to bring the growth of government spending back to a pre-pandemic path.
As such, overall government spending reductions on travel and professional services, as well as a three per cent reduction of operating and transfer payment spending across all federal organizations was announced.

Total reductions will help achieved savings of $15.4 billion over five years (2023-24 to 2027-28) and $4.1 billion annually thereafter

Savings from underutilized government spending will be shifted to priorities like health care and the clean economy.
The savings targets were established by the Treasury Board Secretariat and are based on Fisheries and Oceans’ (DFO) operating and transfer payments, and planned expenditures for professional services, minus exclusions for out-of-scope items (e.g., direct transfers to provinces or direct payments to individuals).
In addition to DFO, 80 departments, agencies, and crown corporations were asked to achieve cost savings targets. Agents of Parliament and small organizations are excluded from this review.
Further, the 2023 Fall Economic Statement announced that the government will extend and expand its Budget 2023 efforts to refocus government spending, with departments and agencies generating additional savings of $345.6 million in 2025-26, and $691 million ongoing. Combined with the $15.4 billion in refocused spending outlined in Budget 2023, the government will be saving $4.8 billion per year in 2026-27 and ongoing and returning the public service closer to its pre-pandemic growth track.

Details and guidance has not yet been shared with departments.

D16 - Fleet Renewal – Status Update

It is critical that the Canadian Coast Guard has the ships it needs to deliver critical marine navigation, search and rescue, and other safety services.
Significant progress has been made:

Since 2005, Canada has committed over $35 billion to advance the Canadian Coast Guard fleet renewal and sustain operations until new ships arrive.
Since 2015, the Coast Guard has taken delivery of three large vessels and 18 small vessels under the National Shipbuilding Strategy, 23 helicopters and four Interim Icebreakers.

Question 1: How will the Canadian Coast Guard continue to maintain services?

The Canadian Coast Guard has a comprehensive package of measures to ensure the uninterrupted delivery of critical services until new ships arrive. This includes:

Updating our ships to extend their operational lives for as long as possible;
Purchasing four commercial icebreakers and one additional light-lift helicopter to provide interim capacity; and
Putting in place “spot charters” to respond to temporary surges in requests for services.

With these measures, Canadians and industry can be confident in a seamless transition to the Canadian Coast Guard’s new fleet.

Question 2: Why are we still seeing increases in project budgets?

Our shipbuilding projects are costing more than originally forecasted.
Many of the assumptions used in our previous estimates are no longer valid due to various factors that could not have been foreseen at the time. This includes the lasting impact of the pandemic on global labour availability and supply chains, as well as high inflation.
The Department is working with the shipyard and Public Services and Procurement Canada to improve the management of project schedules and contain costs in order to deliver value for Canadians.

Background

Renewal of the Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) fleet is underway. Funded replacement plans are currently in place for the large vessel fleet, including:

Three Offshore Fisheries Science Vessels, which were delivered in 2019 and 2020 by Vancouver Shipyards;
One Offshore Oceanographic Science Vessel (OOSV);
Two Polar Icebreakers;
Up to 16 Multi-Purpose Vessels (MPV);
Two Arctic and Offshore Patrol Ships (AOPS) (CCG variants); and
Up to six Program Icebreakers (PIB).

At Vancouver Shipyards, construction of the OOSV is advancing well, with the consolidation of all ship blocks completed in mid-November. Ship design work is ongoing for the MPVs in preparation for the start of construction engineering and material procurement. On May 31, 2023, construction began on a prototype block of the Polar Icebreaker, marking an important step towards increasing Canada’s presence in the Artic to support Northern Canadians and assert our sovereignty.
Chantier Davie was formally announced as the third National Shipbuilding Strategy (NSS) large shipyard, with the signing of an Umbrella Agreement on April 4, 2023. Discussions to advance the PIB are now underway.
At Irving Shipbuilding, work is ongoing on CCG’s two AOPS, with construction having begun on August 8, 2023.

The CCG is also renewing its small fleet. On May 25, 2023, Canada announced an investment valued at $2.5 billion to fund the completion of the renewal of the CCG’s small vessels fleet for up to 61 vessels. To date, 30 small vessels have been delivered to the CCG. This includes a total of 18 vessels delivered under the NSS (16 Search and Rescue lifeboats (the most recent (CCGS Baie des Chaleurs) was accepted by Canada on October 30, 2023), and two Channel Survey and Sounding Vessels), as well as 9 Mid-Shore Patrol Vessels and 3 Near-Shore Fishery Research Vessels pre-dating the NSS.
The CCG completed the renewal of its helicopter fleet with delivery of 15 new light-lift helicopters and seven new medium-lift helicopters. Budget 2023 allocated funding to replace one of the CCG’s light-lift helicopters that was lost following a crash in September 2022.
The CCG continues to implement interim measures to ensure continued delivery of critical services until new ships are delivered. This includes a comprehensive Vessel Life Extension program to maintain current fleet operations as new ships are being built, as well as the acquisition of three interim Medium Icebreakers, one interim Light Icebreaker and one interim light-lift helicopter.

D17 - Abandoned Wrecked and Derelict Vessels

The Government of Canada is working to reduce the number of hazardous vessels in Canadian waters and minimize their impact on coastal communities, the environment and the public.
The next phase of the Oceans Protection Plan includes a Hazardous Vessel Remediation funding envelope of $34.4 million over five years to allow for continued action on priority hazardous vessels.
Fisheries and Oceans Canada’s Small Craft Harbours Abandoned and Wrecked Vessels Removal Program has grants and contributions funding of $2.17 million over nine years as part of the Renewed Oceans Protection Plan (began in 2022).
Budget 2023 announced the creation of an owner-financed Vessel Remediation Fund. This fund should be operational in 2025, and provide sustainable funding to address hazardous vessels.

Question 1: How many vessels have been removed by the Government of Canada?

The Canadian Coast Guard focuses on the vessels presenting the greatest potential hazards, and is conducting risk assessments of each problem vessel to prioritize remediation actions on higher risk vessels.
The Canadian Coast Guard maintains a publicly available national inventory of wrecked, abandoned and hazardous vessels.
Since 2016, under the Oceans Protection Plan, the Government of Canada has funded over 500 projects to remove and dispose of abandoned boats across Canada and has made it illegal to abandon a boat in Canada’s waters. [584 in total – the Canadian Coast Guard (165), Department of Fisheries and Oceans (172), Transport Canada’s Navigation Protection Program (70), Transport Canada’s Abandoned Boats Program (177)].

Question 2: How many hazardous vessels have been identified?

Over 2,101 vessels have been reported to the Canadian Coast Guard to date. Approximately 1,500 vessels remain in the national public inventory following the removal of over 500 vessels.

Question 3: How does the Coast Guard and Transport Canada work together to address wrecked, abandoned, or hazardous vessels?

All vessels of concern reported to the Canadian Coast Guard are assessed under the Wrecked, Abandoned or Hazardous Vessels Act to determine if they present a hazard and under the Canada Shipping Act, 2001, the Canadian Coast Guard ensures measures are taken to repair, remedy, minimize or prevent pollution damage from vessels.
Transport Canada administers the provisions of the Wrecked, Abandoned or Hazardous Vessels Act that pertain to irresponsible vessel management, including vessels that become derelict or abandoned.
Public Services and Procurement Canada, Transport Canada, and the Canadian Coast Guard are also working together to develop Indigenous-focused procurement opportunities to support the remediation and/or removal of problem vessels in Canadian waters.

Background

The Wrecked, Abandoned or Hazardous Vessels Act (WAHVA) became law in 2019 and it: strengthens owner responsibility and liability for vessels; makes it illegal to abandon a boat; and gives the federal government more powers to take action against problem vessels before they can pose even greater problems at greater costs.
The Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) will work with the vessel owner to ensure the hazard is addressed. If the owner cannot be found or is unable or unwilling to solve the problem, the Government of Canada can take direct and immediate action to prevent, mitigate or eliminate the risks that hazardous vessels pose.
The CCG is focusing on assessing the risks associated with each of the reported vessels to prioritize actions to remediate high risk vessels. The risk factors for problem vessels can include environmental, public safety, socio-cultural and economic risks. The focus is not on removing all problem vessels; it is on mitigating the risk posed by each one.
As part of the Oceans Protection Plan (OPP) Renewal launched in 2022, the CCG and Transport Canada are advancing the next phase of the comprehensive strategy to address wrecked, abandoned and hazardous vessels by implementing long-term measures that include: coastal surveys to identify additional hazardous vessels; outreach to vessel owners on their WAHVA responsibilities; risk and technical assessments for vessels in the National Inventory; and, remediations of hazardous vessels nationally.
As part of Budget 2023, the Government of Canada announced the creation of an owner-financed Vessel Remediation Fund. It is anticipated that the coming-into-force of the regulatory charge to finance the Vessel Remediation Fund will be in 2025, following external engagement to establish the regulatory charge and the timely issuance of an order by the Governor in Council to enable the Vessel Remediation Fund into force
The Fund will also support the CCG and Transport Canada in assessing and/or addressing vessels in cases where owners are unknown, the owners are known but cannot be located, or the owners are unable or unwilling to deal with their vessels themselves.
As part of the renewed Oceans Protection Plan funding, beginning in 2022, Transport Canada's Abandoned Boats Program has grants and contributions funding of $4.3 million over three years.

D18 - Permitting Process to Support Clean Growth

Under the Fisheries Act and the Species at Risk Act, the Department provides advice, and regulates works, undertakings, and activities occurring near water that could impact fish and fish habitat and aquatic species at risk.
In keeping with the Government’s commitment to grow the clean economy and meet net-zero commitments, Fisheries and Oceans is improving the predictability and transparency of its regulatory framework to support the development of clean growth projects.

Question 1: Why is Fisheries and Oceans taking so long to authorize certain projects?

The Fisheries Act authorization process includes timelines to ensure a prompt review of projects that are submitted to the Department. The Department has 90 days to process a complete application for a Fisheries Act Authorization.
Proponents of projects can assist with a timely review by ensuring all required information pertaining to the application for Authorization is provided and potentially impacted Indigenous communities are engaged early.

Question 2: Does the government intend to lower protection standards for fish and fish habitat to advance the projects needed to meet Canada’s net zero commitments?

The Fisheries Act and the Species at Risk Act continue to apply for all projects including projects that support the net-zero transition.
The Department working to clarify and find efficiencies in its regulatory process, while offering the same robust protection to fish, fish habitat, and aquatic species at risk.

Background

On August 28, 2019, the new fish and fish habitat protection provisions and stronger protections to better support the sustainability of Canada’s marine and freshwater resources for future generations came into force.
As part of the implementation of these changes, the Department has been developing new tools to make the regulatory process more predictable and transparent while strengthening the conservation and protection of fish and fish habitat.
Under the Fisheries Act and the Species at Risk Act, the Department provides advice, and regulates works, undertakings, and activities occurring near water (freshwater and marine) that could impact fish and fish habitat. The Department receives approximately 5000 referrals a year and issues approximately 200 Fisheries Act Authorizations spread across every industrial sector in Canada.
DFO is an important federal expert providing advice on fish and fish habitat in the context of federal Impact Assessments led by the Impact Assessment Agency of Canada
Budget 2023 committed that “by the end of 2023, the government will outline a concrete plan to improve the efficiency of the impact assessment and permitting processes for major projects, which will include clarifying and reducing timelines, mitigating inefficiencies, and improving engagement and partnerships.”
This plan must support the government’s ambitious energy, economic, and climate objectives for 2030, 2035 and 2050, which are supported by a series of initiatives, strategies, and frameworks that respond to and address climate, energy, and economic sector goals.
In September 2023, the Prime Minister announced the creation of the new Ministerial Working Group on Regulatory Efficiency for Clean Growth Projects. The Working Group Coordinates government efforts to grow the clean economy and meet net-zero commitments by ensuring an efficient regulatory framework to support the development of clean growth projects. The Minister of Fisheries, Oceans and the Canadian Coast Guard is a member of the working group.

D19 - Science at the Department of Fisheries and Oceans

The Department conducts high quality science, in collaboration with partners, to inform decision-making for the benefit of Canadians.
Departmental scientists work with a range of partners and external experts in the collection of data and conducting research to address important issues, like sustainable fisheries and the impacts of climate change on the marine environment.
The Department is committed to communicating the results of our research to Canadians to ensure that they are well informed about issues concerning the oceans.

Question 1: What is the Department doing to ensure impartial and transparent science?

Fisheries and Oceans Canada’s scientists are respected professionals who work across the country in labs, offices, and on the water to generate the science we need to conserve our oceans and aquatic ecosystems.
The best available science is used to inform the decisions of the Department - and science advice generated by Fisheries and Oceans considers the work done internally and by collaborators and experts in Canada and around the world.
The Department continues to strengthen its science function – by bringing experts together, capturing the range of views, and taking steps to share its data. One example is the recently announced Registry for External Science Experts, which creates a pathway for external experts to contribute to government policy development and decision-making through the generation of expert scientific advice.

Background

Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) Science conducts research and monitoring, generates and shares scientific data, produces data products and services, and provides science advice to support evidence-based decision making.
As a science-based Department, scientific integrity is essential to the work at DFO and of its employees. Scientific integrity is critical to the decision-making process, from the planning and conduct of research to the production of advice and the application of advice to the Departmental decision-making processes.
The Department’s Scientific Integrity Policy recognizes the importance of high quality science, free from political, commercial and client interference and the importance of this in the decision-making processes utilized by the Department.
The Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat (CSAS) coordinates the production of peer-reviewed science advice for DFO. Science advice is prepared both nationally and through DFO’s regional offices.
CSAS provides a systemic process for the delivery of science advice to the Department’s decision makers. Advice might relate to the state of an ecosystem or aquatic resources, the impacts of a human activity, the effectiveness of a mitigation strategy or another subject related to DFO’s mandate.

D20 - Small Craft Harbours

Small craft harbours are one of my top priorities and are critical infrastructure for many coastal communities, supporting their economic prosperity.
Since 2016, our government has announced over $855 million in new funding to support small craft harbours, where 90 per cent of catches by Canadian commercial fish harvesters are landed.
This means harbour infrastructure, such as wharves and breakwaters, will be built using the latest climate-adapted standards and codes, increasing the overall resiliency of our harbours.

Question 1: What is the status of repairs to harbours impacted by Hurricane Fiona in 2022?

A $70-million portion of the Hurricane Fiona Recovery Fund was directed to Fisheries and Oceans Canada for initial repairs at small craft harbours damaged by the hurricane.
In the days following the September 24, 2022 storm, we found that 142 harbours had been impacted by Fiona. Through initial clean-up activities, dredging and minor repairs, impacts at 62 harbours have been addressed. Infrastructure and dredging impacts remain at approximately 80 harbours throughout the affected Small Craft Harbour regions.
The Department continues to undertake longer-term repairs at these impacted harbours.

Question 2: What are you doing to ensure the Small Craft Harbours program is working closely with Harbour Authorities and fish harvesters when addressing climate change?

The goal of the Government over the long term is to ensure that Canada’s fishery continues despite the reality of what the climate crisis will mean for our country’s coastal areas.
Through meaningful engagement we will continue to collaborate to ensure that harbour investments are mutually beneficial over the long term, despite the impacts of climate change.
The Department has worked extensively to assess the ongoing needs of harbours and the repairs and work needed to render these harbours operational in advance of the upcoming fishing season.

Background

Following the passage of Fiona, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) identified 142 harbours impacted by the storm.
After more in depth evaluations, it was determined that 80 of these 142 harbours required significant interventions. In total, 235 projects were needed to address all of the damage caused at the Fiona-impacted-harbours (multiple projects are required at some locations). To date, 113 of these have been completed.
On October 17, 2022, the former Minister of Fisheries, Oceans and the Canadian Coast Guard (Minister Murray) and former the Associate Minister of National Defence Minister Petitpas Taylor (MP Moncton—Riverview—Dieppe and current Minister of Veterans Affairs) confirmed $70 million to support the Small Craft Harbours (SCH) Program with dredging, clean-up, assessments, minor repairs, and design development of climate-resilient infrastructure at small craft harbours in Atlantic Canada and Eastern Quebec impacted by Hurricane Fiona.
Initial clean-up and minor repairs have been carried out at most of the impacted harbours. Dredging was conducted at harbours where sediments were affecting harbour operations.
As of January 2024, funds valued at $30.5 million have been expended. An additional $38 million remains committed but not yet expended. SCH officials are closely monitoring the progression of these projects.

All fish harvesters located at impacted harbours were accommodated during 2023 fishing seasons throughout the regions.
Work is ongoing to plan and execute longer-term repairs at impacted harbours. This includes working with consultants and harbour authorities to determine the scope of work and associated costs. Depending on the scope and complexity of individual projects, it could take up to five years for all Fiona damages to be repaired.
The SCH Program regularly incorporates climate resiliency factors when planning and undertaking infrastructure work so that structures are able to withstand extreme weather. These factors are based on evolving building codes and information from coastal studies and DFO’s Coastal Infrastructure Vulnerability Index (CIVI) Tool.
SCH staff have concluded that harbours where recent maintenance or upgrade work had been carried out better withstood the impacts of Fiona, as opposed to harbours where no recent interventions had taken place.

D21 - North Atlantic Right Whale

I thank the Committee for their report and their thoughtful recommendations regarding the protection of right whales.
The Government continues to take concrete steps to ensure right whales are protected from fishing gear entanglements, including using adaptive fishing closure protocols, and to reduce vessel strikes.
Budget 2023 provided $151.9 million over three years to continue Canada’s efforts to protect endangered whales, including right whales.

Question 1: How is the Department addressing economic impacts on harvesters?

Our measures are challenging for industry, but we are on the right track, thanks to harvesters’ cooperation in protecting this species.
The Department works with and listens to Indigenous partners, harvesters and stakeholders to ensure management measures allow for prosperous fisheries.
Canada’s robust, adaptive right whale protection measures are key to the sustainability of Canada’s seafood exports.

Question 2: What advances are being made to address entanglement risks while allowing fishing?

The Department is working with harvesters to support transition to whalesafe fishing gear, including using ropeless fishing gear.
The Department will continue to adapt fisheries measures to protect whales, informed by harvester input and the best available science.

Background

In April 2023, the Standing Committee on Fisheries and Oceans published a report on the Protection and Coexistence of North Atlantic Right Whales (NARW), providing a series of recommendations related to right whale management, science and protection.
In September 2023, the Government responded to this report, thanking the Committee for their recommendations. The response reiterated the importance of a continued precautionary approach to protecting right whales, to support the species’ recovery under the Species at Risk Act and to ensure continued access for Canadian seafood products to the American market under the import provisions of the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act.
In 2023, three North Atlantic Right Whales were disentangled by marine mammal response experts in the United States that were confirmed to be carrying Canadian fishing gear.
In 2023, there were no reported NARW mortalities, but two new entanglements were observed in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in July 2023.
On October 23, 2023, the North Atlantic Right Whale Consortium released the most recent population estimate of 356 whales, which indicates a slowing in decline. The 2021 estimate of 340 whales was revised to 365.
In December 2023, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) announced that lower breaking strength (LBS) gear adoption would be supported on a voluntary basis only in 2024, in select commercial fisheries where trials indicate the gear may be used safely and effectively.
DFO will launch engagement on a Whalesafe Gear Strategy in 2024, guide future work to implement whalesafe gear in Canadian fisheries, both LBS as well as on-demand gear, based on the specific conditions of each fishery and informed by trial results.
DFO continues to apply adaptive measures to prevent fishing gear entanglements, such as: changes to the open and closure dates of fisheries; dynamic and seasonal closure protocols, special closure provisions for waters shallower than 20 fathoms; focused surveillance using acoustic underwater technology (hydrophones), aircraft and vessels to confirm the presence of whales; continued ghost gear retrieval; and collaborating with Transport Canada and the Canadian Coast Guard to address the potential threats from vessel strikes.
As of January 8 2024, 9 new NARW calves have been observed during the 2023-24 calving season in US waters.

D22 - Closure of Atlantic Mackerel Fishery

The decision to maintain the Atlantic mackerel commercial and bait fishing closure was in response to the depleted status of this stock.
The spawning stock biomass of Atlantic mackerel is the lowest ever observed and has been in, or very near, the Critical Zone since 2011.
This decision was taken to help protect spawning fish and rebuild the stock as quickly as possible given the long-term risk associated with a stock remaining in a severely depleted state for a prolonged period.

Question 1: If pressed on observations of a healthy stock

Atlantic mackerel are a schooling pelagic fish; therefore, seeing large aggregations of this species is not unusual, even in cases where the overall population abundance is low.
The available data to date shows that the southern Gulf of Saint-Lawrence remains the dominant spawning habitat, and that the egg survey index is a valid indicator of stock state, which continues to reinforce our confidence in the mackerel stock assessment.

Question 2: If pressed on engagement with the United States

To date, Canada and the United States have enjoyed a productive dialogue on mackerel and we are exploring how this work can be strengthened.
The U.S. has also significantly reduced quota in recent years in line with scientific assessments that are consistent with those conducted in Canada.

Background

The most recent stock assessment was held in February 2023 and determined that the Atlantic mackerel stock biomass was at a historically low level in 2021 and 2022, and the rebuilding potential is limited by low recruitment, high predation pressure, and a collapsed age structure due to overfishing.
On June 28, 2023, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) announced the continued closure for the Atlantic mackerel commercial and bait fisheries for the 2023 season. The difficult decision to close the fishery was postponed to ensure that all considerations were appropriately weighed and that the decision was founded in sound science and reason.
Atlantic mackerel fishing activity typically starts in May in the Maritimes, June in the Gulf and Quebec Regions and late August in Newfoundland.
In 2022, harvesters observed an increase of mackerel in NAFO 3KL, which could be due to warming waters. This increase does not necessarily indicate a change in abundance, but could be due to a change in distribution under current climate conditions and this change in distribution is known to vary year-to-year.
DFO Science completed additional egg/larval surveys in Western and Southern Newfoundland in 2021 and 2022 to determine if significant spawning was occurring outside of the historical spawning area. The results were presented during the stock assessment meeting that took place on February 20-22 and demonstrated that this is not the case, as mackerel spawning activity in Western Newfoundland was much lower and not observed in Southern Newfoundland.
An Atlantic Mackerel Science Working Group was established in 2020 that includes DFO and industry representatives from each region. This working group was created to identify additional sampling opportunities or sources of data that could contribute to a better understanding of stock dynamics and structure.
DFO is making use of every opportunity to engage with and contribute to current U.S. science and management decision-making processes for the next fishing year. Most recently, Canadian and U.S. officials met virtually, on October 17, 2023, to discuss both countries respective interests in the transboundary Atlantic herring and mackerel stocks.
Notably, on October 12, the U.S. implemented an emergency order on Atlantic mackerel for the rest of 2023 and beginning of 2024, instituting amended trip limits. These fishing trip catch limits should effectively reduce commercial catches to bycatch only, and significantly decrease the probability of overfishing.

D23 - Indo-Pacific Trade Agreements and Implications for the Department

As part of the Indo-Pacific Strategy, Canada is currently negotiating a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement with Indonesia and a free trade Agreement with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.
Global Affairs Canada is leading these negotiations, supported by Fisheries and Oceans Canada on issues related to my Department’s mandate.

Question 1: What are the implications of these potential agreements on the Department?

The Indo-Pacific region represents important and strategic markets for Canada’s fish and seafood sector. China, Japan, and South Korea, the top three export markets for Canadian seafood in the region, represent a combined value of $1.7 billion, which is projected to grow in coming years.
Potential agreements with Indonesia and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations also support Canada’s objectives to diversify its international market access for fish and seafood, while reducing our dependence on the U.S. and China, which currently account for almost 80 per cent of Canada's fish and seafood exports.
Canada’s sustainable and high-quality fish and seafood offers a healthy source of protein, and trade agreements in the Indo-Pacific region can help remove barriers and promote food security.

Question 2: How is the Department supporting the negotiations?

My Department, in coordination with Global Affairs Canada, engages with Provinces and Territories, Indigenous groups, and stakeholders to support the development of Canada’s negotiating positions on sustainable fisheries and aquaculture issues.

Background

Supporting Market Access and Development in the Indo-Pacific

Encompassing 40 economies, over four billion people and $47 trillion in economic activity, the Indo-Pacific region is the world’s fastest-growing region and home to several of Canada’s top trading partners. The region represents significant opportunities for growing the Canadian economy. In 2022, Canada launched the Indo-Pacific Strategy (IPS), a comprehensive roadmap to deepen its engagement in the region over the next decade.
The Indo-Pacific region is also an important market for Canadian fish and seafood with exports totaling nearly $2 billion in 2022, representing approximately 24 per cent of Canada’s exports. Most of Canada’s seafood exports to the region go to China ($1.29 billion), notably for products such as lobster, cold-water shrimp, and crab. Canadian exporters have indicated an interest in major economies in the region such as Japan, South Korea, Singapore, but also growing markets like Indonesia, Vietnam and Thailand.
Pursuant to the IPS, the Government has also recently opened an Agriculture and Agri-Food Office in Manila, Philippines to help Canadian farmers and producers diversify their export markets and position Canada as a preferred supplier. This office will also support market access for Canadian fish and seafood products. The trade-related aspects of the IPS are led by the Minister of Export Promotion, International Trade and Economic Development.
Team Canada Trade Missions in the Indo-Pacific region are also being pursued, tied to the IPS. The first Mission took place in Japan in October 2023 with a large, diverse, multisectoral delegation of 160 organizations. In 2024, Minister Ng will lead trade missions to Malaysia, Vietnam, South Korea, Indonesia, and the Philippines.

Trade Agreements and Negotiations in the Indo-Pacific

Global Affairs Canada develops and implements Canada’s overarching trade policy, including and the negotiation and implementation of international trade, investment, and other related agreements. Agriculture and Agri Food Canada plays a key role in promoting Canadian agriculture and seafood overseas. Fisheries and Oceans Canada ensures that trade in fish and seafood products are derived from legal sources and sustainably managed operations. The Department also supports Global Affairs Canada in developing negotiating positions and language for fisheries and aquaculture related issues within Canada’s trade agreements.
As part of the IPS, Canada is negotiating free trade agreements with Indonesia and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (Brunei, Myanmar, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam).
Existing free trade agreements in the region include the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) between Canada and 10 other countries in the Indo-Pacific: Australia, Brunei, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore and Vietnam. There is also interest from several other nations to accede to CPTPP, including China, Taiwan, Ecuador, Costa Rica, and Ukraine.
Under the Canada-Korea Free Trade Agreement, South Korea will eliminate all customs duties for snow crab in 2024 and on all fish and seafood by 2026.

D24 - Great Lakes Fishery Commission

Budget 2022 provided $19.6 million annually to the Great Lakes Fishery Commission to ensure its continued success.
The Great Lakes Fishery Commission is vital to controlling sea lampreys, conducting scientific research, and maintaining cooperation among Canadian and American agencies to manage and sustain the Great Lakes transboundary fisheries.
The Government is committed to preserving our freshwater resources and protecting the Great Lakes from invasive species.

Question 1: Why haven’t you addressed the governance issue?

The Department is committed to addressing these concerns, and senior level engagement with the Great Lakes Fishery Commission Secretariat has been frequent and is ongoing.
We continue to work closely with the Commission to fulfill our responsibilities as the Canadian delivery agent for the binational sea lamprey control program.
I am pleased that my Department and the Commission's Secretariat have now both signed a Memorandum of Understanding providing clarity on how we will work together moving forward.

Question 2: Is the Department in a conflict of interest?

There is no conflict between the interests or duties of the Great Lakes Fishery Commission and those of the Department as these are aligned in terms of controlling sea lamprey and facilitating the sustainable management of the Great Lakes fishery.
We are committed to supporting the sustainable management of the Great Lakes fishery and to sea lamprey control, and we exercise that commitment in our domestic activities and in our continued support of the Great Lakes Fishery Commission.

Question 3: When is the Memorandum of Understanding coming into force?

Senior Departmental officials worked closely with the Great Lakes Fishery Commission Secretariat to developed an overarching Memorandum of Understanding that provides a framework for the full range of Canada’s engagement with the Commission, including funding to the Commission beyond sea lamprey control for, among others, research activities and Secretariat operations.
The Memorandum of Understanding was approved by the Canadian Commissioners on October 24, 2023 and signed by the Department and the Secretariat on October 25.
It entered into force on November 24, 2023.
This is a significant step that reinforces the importance of this relationship, and provides additional clarity to enhance our ongoing engagement.

Background

As part of Budget 2022, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) successfully brought forward a proposal seeking additional incremental funding of $44.9 million over five years and $9 million ongoing for the Great Lakes Fishery Commission (GLFC), to ensure that Canada meets its bilateral treaty requirement with the US - bringing Canada’s contribution up to over $19 million in 2022 and moving forward. This funding will help to augment Canadian sea lamprey control activities, and support the GLFC’s scientific research and binational fisheries management coordination across the Great Lakes.
In recent years, the GLFC has been lobbying key stakeholders in the US and Canada, including Members of Parliament (MPs), and US Senators and Representatives, with their request for federal leadership and responsibility for the GLFC to be moved from DFO to Global Affairs Canada (GAC).
The Government of Canada is assessing the implications of a possible change in federal leadership and fiscal responsibility for the GLFC. Decisions on the machinery of government are the preserve and prerogative of the Prime Minister
On June 8 and 12, 2023, the Standing Committee on Fisheries and Oceans held two meetings on the GLFC. DFO officials provided testimony on June 8th, followed by GAC officials appearing on the 12th. Committee members remarked that the relationship between Canada and the United States is being impacted by funding and governance problems, with questions focusing on: 1) machinery and governance; 2) GLFC’s legal opinion related to a conflict of interest; 3) the flow of funds; and 4) aquatic invasive species. On November 29, 2023, the Committee tabled its report, which outlines a total of 16 recommendations pertaining. A Government Response is required by March 28, 2024, 120 days following the initial tabling of the report.
Senior Departmental officials have worked closely with the GLFC Secretariat and have developed an overarching Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) that provides a framework for the full range of Canada’s engagement with the Commission, including funding to the Commission beyond sea lamprey control (i.e., research activities, coordination of binational fisheries management and Secretariat operations).
The MOU was approved by the Canadian Commissioners on October 24, 2023, signed by the Department and the Secretariat on October 25, and entered into force on November 24, 2023.

D25 - Climate Change

Climate change is a critical issue for Canada’s oceans and freshwater resources; it poses serious risks to our aquatic ecosystems and fisheries that support economic activity in coastal communities.
Fisheries and Oceans Canada scientists are conducting research into the climate vulnerability of fisheries and aquatic ecosystems and are monitoring and modelling changing ocean conditions to project and respond to climate-related changes.
The Department will continue to collaborate with domestic and international partners to better understand the climate vulnerability of fish stocks and assist fisheries decision-makers and fish harvesters to adapt to climate-related changes.

Question 1: How is climate change currently impacting Canadian fisheries?

Climate-driven changes in water temperature, ocean chemistry, sea ice, and extreme weather events are directly impacting the size, abundance, distribution, food web, life cycles, and survival of species.

Question 2: What measures are being taken to support climate resilient fisheries?

The Department continues to assess climate impacts, conduct oceanographic monitoring, advance scientific research and implement the Fish Stock provisions under the Fisheries Act, which establishes legal binding obligations to support sustainable management and rebuild depleted stocks.
The Department is also working to implement an Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management, , which will more systematically consider ecosystem information in advice to increase understanding of fisheries dynamics and climate change considerations.

Background

Climate change impacts on fisheries are widespread and vary by region. Warming waters can lead to negative impacts on species survivability, northward migration and an increase in invasive species. Climate events, such as marine heatwaves, are projected to add large “shock” effects in addition to long-term climate change impacts. Studies have shown that the most rapid changes in Canada are projected on the Scotian Shelf and nearshore Newfoundland and Labrador. Indigenous communities across Canada are particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts.
In March 2023, the House of Commons Standing Committee on Fisheries and Oceans recommended that, “DFO speed up the implementation of an ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management in Canada given the impact of climate change.”
In November, DFO hosted a virtual workshop on “Adapting Canadian Fisheries to a Changing Climate,” for over 40 Indigenous Groups and key stakeholders to come together to discuss climate change impacts and adaptation needs within Canada’s fisheries. Discussions focused on identifying: the areas of biggest risk to Canada’s fisheries; barriers and disincentives to climate change adaptation; and future planning opportunities.
DFO is also working to accelerate and broaden the implementation of an ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM). This work is proceeding incrementally and will be founded on existing policies and frameworks, including the Sustainable Fisheries Framework. DFO has committed to producing a draft EAFM implementation strategy by March 31, 2024 with input from internal and external partners and stakeholders.
The broader EAFM will enhance current stock assessment and fisheries management practices, enabling a more complete understanding of fishery dynamics, and better and more timely responses to climate change impacts.

D26 - Foreign Ownership of Fishing Licences

The findings of the Beneficial Ownership Survey found that 2 per cent of survey respondents had some degree of foreign ownership within their corporate structure.
DFO will engage stakeholders on the results of the Survey, as well as identify additional means of examining foreign control, such as access leasing and concentration.
The Department is aware of the concerns expressed by the House of Commons Standing Committee on Fisheries and Oceans in their recent report on foreign ownership. A Government Response is being prepared.

Question 1: Does the Department intend to immediately ban foreign ownership of fishing licences on the West Coast?

The Department will engage stakeholders to discuss foreign ownership and discuss potential policy changes as part of the upcoming engagement on the West Coast.
Careful consideration of the potential impacts are required before any policy changes can be considered.

Question 2: What additional information can be revealed about the licence holders with foreign ownership?

DFO is unable to publicly release private details on the names of licence holders with foreign ownership, the access they hold, or their landings.

Question 3: Will DFO address non-respondent Survey participants?

The current response rate (80 per cent of implicated harvesters, accounting for 89 per cent of commercial licences) is sufficient to support the Department’s baseline assessment.

Background

The issue of foreign ownership of Canadian fishing enterprises was first highlighted as part of the 2019 FOPO report “West Coast Fisheries: Sharing Risks and Benefits.” The report’s 20 recommendations that called for significant changes to the current fisheries management and licensing regime, including that “no future sales of fishing quota and/or licences be to non-Canadian beneficial owners”.
There is no national standard for foreign ownership limits for commercial fisheries in Canada. The Department’s foreign ownership restrictions on commercial fisheries access are established through its regional licensing policies, which are designed to support the fishery’s unique management objectives.
In February of 2021, DFO strengthened the application of its foreign ownership restrictions in Atlantic Canada. Under the “Enhanced Application of Foreign Ownership Restrictions”, the requirement to be at least 51 per cent Canadian is applied to the full corporate structure of prospective licence holders for all future licence re-issuances where this policy applies.
On January 30, 2022, DFO launched a survey that was mandatory for all Pacific commercial licence holders and vessel owners, and all Atlantic and Quebec licences holders whose corporate structure were not already prescribed by regulation (inshore and communal commercial fisheries were excluded).
The Survey results were published on September 22, 2023. The Survey found that foreign participation among survey respondents is ~2%, however more work is required to understand alternative means of control and influence in the fishery, including concentration of access and quota leasing.
DFO has begun to engage key stakeholders to discuss the findings’ impacts and any potential policy solutions, if required. DFO also intends to engage stakeholders through the upcoming West Coast Fisheries Modernization engagement sessions. Careful consideration of the potential impacts on existing licence holders across all commercial fisheries, as well as Canada’s international trade obligations, will be required before any policy changes could be introduced, or regulatory amendments considered.
On December 13, 2023, FOPO tabled a new report, titled “Foreign Ownership and Corporate Concentration of Fishing Licenses and Quota”. The Report’s 19 recommendations call for: limits on foreign control of commercial access; implementation of Atlantic inshore-style policies in select fisheries; increased government oversight of commercial access transfers from both new and existing regulatory bodies; affirmation of principles that would guide future fisheries management decisions; and the exploration of new management directions with the intention of supporting coastal communities.

E – Issues notes - Maritime Region

E27 - Unauthorized Fishing in Nova Scotia

The Department’s primary focus is to ensure a safe, orderly and sustainable lobster fishery.
The Department is actively working with all parties involved in the fishery to ensure that Indigenous harvesters can exercise their Constitutionally-protected right to fish for food, social and ceremonial purposes and their treaty right to fish in pursuit of a moderate livelihood; and that the fishing taking place complies with the Fisheries Act.
Our fishery officers enforce the Fisheries Act, and that includes taking enforcement action when individuals are harvesting without a Fisheries and Oceans Canada issued authorization. Our officers work with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police or police of jurisdiction when violations, that go beyond Conservation and Protection legal authorities, are identified.
Since July 17, fishery officers have arrested 15 individuals, seized three vessels and a total of 1231 traps in southwest Nova Scotia, lobster fishing areas 33 and 34 for Fisheries Act violations. As a result of these efforts thousands of lobsters were released live, back into the ocean.
Investigations into these infractions are underway, and fishery officers will continue to monitor compliance with, and enforce, the Fisheries Act.

Question 1: What is the Department doing about unauthorized fishing in Nova Scotia?

All fishing activity is subject to compliance verification by Fishery Officers of the Department. Officers conduct inspections across all fisheries regulated by the Department, including commercial, recreational, and Indigenous fisheries.
Fishing activity occurring without the required authorization, or licence, or not in compliance with conditions of the authorization or the licence are subject to enforcement action.
As we do in all fisheries, our fishery officers are verifying gear for compliance, monitoring activities on and off the water and, where warranted, seizing gear and catch, and laying charges for violations under the Fisheries Act.

Question 2: What enforcement tactics does Conservation and Protection employ in Nova Scotia?

Fishery officers have a range of monitoring and compliance tactics that they can use - on and off the water.
Like any other law enforcement agency, the Department does not discuss the strategies and tactics publicly, as doing so could compromise ongoing activities and any ensuing investigations that may be undertaken.
The Department urges everyone to respect the law and to respect each other. The Department continues to work with our partners in law enforcement to promote a peaceful fishery.

Background

Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) is committed to a renewed relationship with Indigenous peoples based on recognizing rights, respect, collaboration, and partnership. As part of that commitment, we are working with First Nations harvesters so that they can exercise their Supreme Court-affirmed inherent and Treaty rights to fish through various DFO-authorized fisheries. These fisheries include food, social and ceremonial (FSC), and communal commercial fisheries, including interim understandings reached to fish in pursuit of a moderate livelihood.
Many First Nations harvesters are exercising their right to fish FSC lobster throughout Nova Scotia. In areas such as St. Mary’s Bay in southwestern Nova Scotia and in the vicinity of St. Peter’s Canal in Cape Breton, fishery officers are working with these communities to protect the rights of Indigenous harvesters engaged in this fishery. Part of that protection is ensuring that the fishing complies with the Fisheries Act, and other associated regulations. As with all fisheries, our fishery officers are verifying gear for compliance, monitoring activities on and off the water and, where warranted, seizing gear and catch, and laying charges for violations under the Fisheries Act. Fishing activity occurring without a required DFO-issued licence or not in compliance with the conditions of the licence is subject to enforcement action.
DFO is committed to providing for a safe, orderly and sustainable lobster fishery for all participants. We firmly believe that respectful, constructive dialogue is the way to achieve this.
DFO continues to work with all those involved in lobster fisheries –Indigenous and non-Indigenous - to responsibly manage this socially, historically and economically important species.
Established seasons support this shared goal. Seasons provide predictability for all those participating in the fishery, as well as for other fleets and industries, and reduces gear conflict among fisheries operating in the same geographic area. The timing of season openings also help ensure that the benefits of the inshore lobster fishery are distributed broadly to Indigenous and coastal communities across Atlantic Canada.
DFO is working with the RCMP to monitor and address any illegal activity including harassment and violence on the water.
We will continue to take action whenever unauthorized harvesting and other violations under the Fisheries Act are observed, while supporting the exercise of Indigenous fishing rights.

E28 - Commercial Elvers Fishery

The commercial elver fishery has grown exponentially in value over the past decade and has substantially lower entry costs compared to other fisheries.
This fishery presents a unique opportunity to assess the distribution of benefits and increase Indigenous participation in commercial fisheries.
As part of our ongoing commitment to sustainable, orderly, and safe fisheries for all participants, the Department is actively assessing measures to ensure a safe and sustainable fishery and to address compliance challenges. This includes consultation and engagement to address management concerns as well as the development of proposed regulations to enhance monitoring of elvers throughout the supply chain to the point of export from Canada.

Question 1: What is the management review covering?

Elements of the review include assessments of:

the development of regulations;
the distribution of benefits in the fishery
the current approach to governance and management;
the management of the fishery in other jurisdictions;
how regulatory changes can improve management of elver possession and trace elvers from harvest to export;
potential changes to conditions of licence to manage increasing participants in the fishery;
and current and new potential tools to monitor the fishery

Question 2: Will the review be completed and changes made ahead of a fishery in 2024?

Much of the content required and the processes to implement change are dependent on external parties, but the Department will make every effort to complete the review and provide recommendations ahead of the opening of the 2024 season, which is typically in March.

Question 3: Why did the Department not offer compensation for the quota reduced from licences? Is this being considered for any changes to access in this fishery?

The willing buyer-willing seller approach is one approach available to obtain access for rights-based fishing.
As needed and depending on the fishery, the Department will consider alternate access mechanisms to support rights-based fishing.
Decisions on what changes will be made and how they will be implemented are still under review.

Question 4: Why did the Department close the fishery last season?

The scale of unreported fishing posed a risk to the conservation of the American Eel stock and the level of violence and threats impeded the management and control of the fishery.
It is a priority that all fish harvesters are safe and supported.
Closing the elver fishery via a Fisheries Management Order was a required and prudent response to address these risks last season.

Question 5: Has the Department considered the possibility of converting eel licences to elver licences?

Converting large eel licences to elver licences could be considered under the elver fishery management review which includes the review of access and allocation.
While there is interest for increased participation within the elver fishery, discussions about how to allocate the resource are ongoing.
Any increase in allocation would need to fit within conservation objectives, the broader proposed changes to traceability, ensuring proper management and control of the fishery, and reconciliation priorities.

Background

Elvers are juvenile American Eels. Because all American eel originate from the same spawning location in the Sargasso Sea and are therefore all of the same genetic makeup, they are considered a single global population. The American eel population has decreased substantially across eastern Canada in the last forty years. Canada is currently considering whether to list the species under the Species at Risk Act (SARA); if listed, prohibitions would apply.
The elver fishery is managed with a total allowable catch (TAC) and site-specific river catch limits set for each fishing location (rivers, streams, brooks) in licences. The TAC of 9 960 kilograms (Kg) has remained the same since 2005. For 2023, there were eight commercial licences, one communal commercial licence, and two interim communal commercial licences covering 10 First Nation Communities. The First Nation access was reallocated from existing licence holder TAC. The Department participated in a Judicial Review (JR) brought by three non-Indigenous elver licence holders who disagreed with the approach to reallocating the 2022 quota and were successful. Three JRs have also been brought to the Department on the 2023 decision.
The elver fishery has become extremely lucrative in the past 10 years, with landed value rising from $450 per kilogram (kg) in 2009 to approximately $5000 per kg in 2023, with a peak value of $5,100 per kg in 2019. In comparison to other commercial fisheries, the investments required to harvest are relatively low.
Due to the ease of harvesting, high value of the fishery, and the limited current extent of access held by First Nations, there is considerable risk of ongoing assertion of rights and unauthorized fishing by Indigenous communities in the Region and First Nations from various Provinces and States impacting conservation and orderly management. DFO considers greater access by First Nations to the elver fishery could help to mitigate these risks.
Fishing outside the DFO authorized commercial elver fishery steadily increased over the last decade. In the springs of 2020 and 2023, and contemplated for 2022, as a result of significant fishing activity outside the commercial fishery by both Indigenous and non-Indigenous harvesters, the Minister issued a Fisheries Management Order to close the fishery.
Unauthorized harvest of elvers poses a significant safety concern for both harvesters and fishery officers. DFO received numerous complaints of disputes between harvesters and responded to incidences of fishing gear tampering and situations involving threats to harvesters and fishery officers.

E29 - Tidal Energy

The Department is working with industry, federal, and provincial partners to advance the responsible development of marine renewable energy, including tidal energy.
This is why the Government established a Task Force on Sustainable Tidal Energy to explore issues and opportunities associated with the deployment of tidal energy projects in the Bay of Fundy.
In September 2023, the Tidal Energy Task Force published an interim report to explore issues and opportunities associated with the deployment of tidal energy projects in the Bay of Fundy.
This Task Force is facilitating greater collaboration between the federal government, the Province of Nova Scotia, members of the tidal industry, and the tidal research community, and aims to submit its final report to Ministers in February 2024.

Question 1: How is the Task Force engaging with other implicated partners and stakeholders?

The Task Force is keeping implicated stakeholders, such as fish harvesters, informed with regular updates. Fisheries and Oceans Canada is engaging with Indigenous peoples through established consultation and engagement processes.

Question 2: What kind of specific deliverables can Canadians expect this Task Force to deliver?

The Task Force is working to clarify requirements for fish protection, improve transparency of risk assessment on tidal turbine deployments, and reduce turnaround time for regulatory decisions for tidal energy projects in the Bay of Fundy.

Background

In May 2022, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) received an application from Sustainable Marine Energy Canada Ltd. (SMEC) for a Fisheries Act authorization and Species at Risk Act permit in relation to a proposed in-stream tidal energy project. SMEC was proposing to deploy and operate a floating tidal energy device (i.e. platform) of 5 Megawatts, including the installation of three, six, and eventually twelve floating platforms.
In March 2023, the proponent communicated that they were withdrawing their application, resulting in a pause of DFO’s project review. The proponent identified DFO’s regulatory process as a key factor in its decision. The tidal energy industry and Province of Nova Scotia have communicated that they are seeking a clear regulatory path for tidal power development in Canada.
On June 20, 2023, the former Minister of DFO and the Minister of Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) announced the establishment of a task force on sustainable tidal energy to explore issues and opportunities associated with the deployment of tidal energy projects in the Bay of Fundy. More specifically, the purpose of the Task Force is to clarify regulatory requirements, improve risk assessment processes, and reduce time for decisions.
In September 2023, the Task Force published an interim report and has since continued to engage with interested partners, Indigenous groups and stakeholders. The Task Force is co-chaired by DFO and NRCan and includes members from the Province of Nova Scotia, industry, and research organizations. The Task Force facilitates greater collaboration between the federal government, the province, members of the tidal industry and the tidal research community. The Final Report will include an approach to advance tidal energy projects and will be submitted to Ministers early in the coming weeks.
Bill C-49, An Act to amend the Canada-Newfoundland and Labrador Atlantic Accord Implementation Act and the Canada-Nova Scotia Offshore Petroleum Resources Accord Implementation Act, was tabled in the House of Commons in May 2023. Bill C-49 aligns the Newfoundland and Labrador and Nova Scotia Accord Acts with the Impact Assessment Act and provides authority for the Offshore Boards to regulate offshore renewable energy projects, such as wind power. It is not clear that these authorities extend to tidal energy projects, as tidal projects are unlikely to occur in the defined offshore area.
Marine spatial planning, currently underway in five marine areas including the Scotian Shelf-Bay of Fundy, has strong potential to support the renewable energy sector in the region, including tidal energy. Through early identification of sites with optimal conditions and/or areas to avoid, and better understanding of regulatory processes early in planning, upstream efficiencies can be gained in the development process, adding much-needed investor certainty.

E30 - Avon River Tidal Gate / Highway 101 Twinning

Since 2019, the Department has been working with the province of Nova Scotia on their Fisheries Act application to twin Highway 101, which includes replacing the existing tidal gate structure on the Avon River.
In January, the Department received information from the province on the project design to support regulatory requirements. The Department will continue the project review, and consultation with the Mi’kmaq of Nova Scotia.
The Department is also working with the Province of Nova Scotia to bring the existing tidal gate structure into compliance with existing federal legislation.

Question 1: Why is your Department’s review taking so long?

The Fisheries Act requires the Department to assess the ability of existing and new structures to provide fish passage. Structures built today must comply with modern standards and requirements.
The Department is currently reviewing, under the Fisheries Act, an application from the Province of Nova Scotia to replace the existing tidal gate structure on the Avon River. The project is being evaluated on its ability to provide fish passage for all fish species likely to use the Avon River.
Since this proposed structure will be in place for over 50 years it is important to ensure a thorough review as modifications will be difficult once constructed.

The Department is committed to meaningful consultation with the Mi’kmaq of Nova Scotia.

Question 2: Will your department consider the impacts to the community that has developed around the area?

We are very aware of the many perspectives on this project. The Department’s mandate is to review projects to ensure compliance with the fish and fish habitat protection provisions of the Fisheries Act and the Species at Risk Act.
As the project proponent, the Province of Nova Scotia is responsible for addressing and communicating any potential changes to their operations that may impact current users of the Avon River.

Background

The Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture (NSDA) operates the existing Avon River tidal gates. Since installing the causeway and tidal gate structure in the 1970’s, the controlled elevation of water has provided a source of agricultural and recreational water (Lake Pisiquid) for the surrounding area and helped prevent flooding. However, the structure was not designed, or operated, in a manner that provided effective fish passage for a variety of fish species, including species at risk.
The Nova Scotia Department of Public Works is twinning the two-lane highway over the existing tidal gates, which are considered at the end of their operational life. This proposed twinning project requires an expansion of the causeway, and includes a proposal to replace the existing tidal gates.
In 2020, following two years of discussions with the Province of Nova Scotia and consultations with the Mi’kmaq, DFO began issuing Ministerial Orders which directed NSDA to operate the tidal gates in a manner that allows for more natural passage of fish. This resulted in lowering Lake Pisiquid water levels and allowing for some tidal water to enter the Avon River.
On June 10, 2023, the Department suspended bi-weekly renewal of the MO when, the province of Nova Scotia declared a State of Emergency for the area and directed the refilling of the Lake Pisiquid to support potential wildfire response. The Province of Nova Scotia has actively and publicly stated their desire to maintain this artificial lake.
The Department has engaged with the province to better understand the need for the State of Emergency and to identify potential options to support Fisheries Act requirements and fire suppression The province has indicated that there are not alternative options and that they are committed to maintaining the artificial lake for a number of reasons.
On January 17, the Department received correspondence from the province requesting DFO review its submission in a timely and reasonable manner, and carry out its consultation responsibilities in a manner that balances rights-holders and other interests related to this project.
DFO is committed to meaningful consultation on this project. Consultation with the Mi’kmaq of Nova Scotia is also underway on both the operation of the existing structure, and the proposed new structure. The Mi’kmaq of Nova Scotia are seeking significant improvements to fish passage.

E31 - Atlantic Fisheries Fund

The Government of Canada is committed to supporting innovation and sustainability in Canada’s fish and seafood sector. That is why it is investing over $400 million through the Atlantic Fisheries Fund, in partnership with the four Atlantic provincial governments.
Since 2017, seventy nine per cent of program funds have been contracted with over 1,161 approved projects and 57 projects, valued at $55.4 million, pending approval.

Question 1: Why have there been delays in extending the program?

The Department and Atlantic provinces have recently finalized a reprofile of funds, to extend the time that projects have to be fully implemented and reimbursed to March 31, 2026.
To build on this, the Department seeking (decision pending) an extension of the Atlantic Fisheries Fund until March 31, 2026. This would allow new projects to be received, evaluated and potentially supported.
Interest in the Atlantic Fisheries Fund program remains strong, with 172 projects (seeking funding of over $123.7 million) currently under evaluation or pending approval.

Background

The Atlantic Fisheries Fund (AFF) is a fund of over $400 million over seven years (2017-18 to 2023-24) cost shared with provincial partners, 70/30 (federal/provincial) over the life of the program. The Atlantic component of the AFF was launched on August 31, 2017, and its national marketing pillar, the Canadian Fish and Seafood Opportunities Fund (CFSOF) was launched December 5, 2018.
To date, 79 per cent of the total available federal/provincial contribution budget for the $379.8 million ($265.86 million of which is federal) of the Atlantic component of AFF has been committed, on over 1162 approved projects.
Another 57 projects are pending approval valued at over $55.4 million in AFF contributions, which if approved, will leave a remaining budget of $31.7 million. Also, there are currently 115 applications in-house seeking funding of almost $68.3 million. AFF is well positioned to commit its remaining budget. As such, the Atlantic provincial partners are eager to discuss program renewal, with similar objectives, to allow for investments in the sector to continue with as little gap between programs as possible.
A two-year reprofile has been operationalized through the extension of the AFF Framework Agreement until March 31, 2026. This process does not permit for the contracting of new projects beyond the original sunset date of March 31, 2024.
The CFSOF, the fourth national marketing pillar of AFF, which currently has its own set of Framework Agreements with ten signatory provinces and territories, also has an end date of March 31, 2024. Provincial and territorial partners and its recipients are aware of and support CFSOF’s sunset date and they are not expecting it to be extended.
The AFF focuses on supporting innovation in the fish and seafood sector throughout Atlantic Canada by investing in projects that help the sector to better meet growing demands for sustainably- and legally-sourced, high-quality fish and seafood products. Its ultimate objective is that “sustainable economic growth will be realized in the fish and seafood sector” through innovative investments under its three strategic Atlantic Pillars: Infrastructure, Innovation, and Science Partnerships. Eligible applicants include Indigenous groups, commercial enterprises (including fish harvesters, aquaculturalists, and seafood processors), universities and academics, industry associations and other non-profits, and other organizations such as research institutions and provincial crown corporations. Other eligibility criteria includes residence in a participating province; being active in or supporting activities related to the fish and seafood harvesting, processing, or aquaculture industries; and, being able to demonstrate that maximum economic benefits will accrue to the Atlantic Region. All proposed projects are also assessed for whether they will trigger a Duty to Consult or Impact Assessment (previously known as an environmental assessment) to ensure that all regulatory requirements are met.
To date, the majority of approvals (89 per cent of total projects and 71 per cent of investment dollars) have fallen under the Infrastructure Pillar. The technology adoption and adaptation investments under the Infrastructure pillar have been pivotal in promoting the benefits of innovation and automation in the fish and seafood sector. The sector has been traditionally hesitant to invest in innovation as it was perceived as too financially risky but the AFF, through these investments has started to shift that perspective by reducing the barriers to innovate and allowing the benefits of innovation to be realized by recipients.

F – Issue Notes – Gulf Region

F32 - Recreational fishery of Atlantic Salmon

Atlantic salmon is an iconic species with significant social, ceremonial and economic importance. The species is prized by recreational anglers and has a deep cultural meaning to Indigenous people.
The conservation of wild Atlantic salmon is a priority for Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO).
DFO holds annual advisory committee meetings across the Gulf Region where Indigenous groups and stakeholders have an opportunity to provide their advice for the management of the Atlantic salmon recreational fishery.
The most popular salmon rivers for anglers are the Miramichi, Nepisiguit and Restigouche Rivers located in New Brunswick, as well as the Morell and Margaree Rivers in Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia respectively.
The recreational fishery of Atlantic salmon in the Gulf Region is conducted as a catch-and-release fishery only within all of its jurisdiction since 2015.
Atlantic salmon populations have demonstrated declining trends over the last several years. The majority of the stocks in the Gulf Region are in the critical zone of the Precautionary Approach Framework.

Question 1: What are the current measures for the management of the Atlantic salmon recreational fishery in the Gulf Region?

Over the last decade, incremental management measures have been implemented in the recreational fishery due to declining trends in the population.
In 2020, the daily catch and release limit in the Restigouche and Miramichi river watersheds was reduced from ten to five Atlantic salmon during the Spring fishery from April 15 to May 15 and reduced from four to two for the remainder of the season. The use of barbless hooks is also mandatory since 2021.
Starting in 2013, a warm water protocol was implemented on the Miramichi river.
In 2019, warm water protocols were implemented on other rivers including the Restigouche and Nepisiguit rivers in New Brunswick and on the Margaree river in Nova Scotia.
A warm water protocol is a tool developed by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), in collaboration with Indigenous groups, provincial governments and local partners, such as fishing associations, conservation groups and watershed management committees, to implement angling restrictions during periods of elevated water temperature and limit impact on fish.

Question 2: What is the status of the development of the precautionary approach for the Miramichi River?

Currently, the stock in the Miramichi river is in the critical zone of the Precautionary Approach Framework.
The limit reference point as well as the upper stock reference point for Atlantic salmon in the Miramichi river have been established. Work on developing harvest decision rules compliant with the Precautionary Approach Framework for the Miramichi watershed began in 2017.
DFO continues to work collaboratively with Indigenous partners, stakeholders and provincial counterparts to develop the components of a Precautionary Approach Framework to sustainably manage Atlantic salmon.

Question 3: Is the department striving to find a balanced approach to manage striped bass to protect Atlantic salmon?

As native species in the Gulf region, striped bass and Atlantic salmon have co-evolved for generations and although striped bass are known predators of salmon smolts in estuaries, the current declining trend in wild Atlantic salmon populations is mainly attributed to salmon’s poor marine survival.
Striped bass is a native species to the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence and will continue to be considered as an integral part of the ecosystem and managed accordingly.
The relationships between predator and prey in marine and freshwater ecosystems are complex, as there are many factors affecting each population simultaneously.
Atlantic salmon face a range of threats, including high at-sea mortality, habitat degradation, and climate change, and have seen a sharp decline in reproduction since 1990 in both North America and Europe.

Background

The Atlantic Salmon commercial fishery in the Gulf Region closed in 1984 due to concerns about the stock’s conservation.
The Department manages a directed Atlantic Salmon recreational fishery in the Gulf Region. Mandatory catch and release measures for the recreational fishery began in 1984 for large salmon and have been extended to small salmon since 2015 in all areas where recreational fisheries are authorized.
Since 1998, rivers in Southern New Brunswick in Salmon Fishing Area (SFA) 16B have been closed to all directed salmon fishing. On Prince Edward Island in SFA 17, mandatory catch and release has been in effect since 2009 and a recreational fishery is allowed on only two rivers (Mill and Morell rivers). Prior to 2015, retention of small salmon had been permitted in Restigouche (SFA 15), in Miramichi (SFA 16A), and in Gulf Nova Scotia (SFA 18).
In 2022, based on the available indicators, the Atlantic Salmon populations in the Restigouche River in SFA 15 and Miramichi River in SFA 16 were in the critical zone of the Precautionary Approach. For the Margaree River in SFA 18, the salmon was deemed to be in the healthy zone of the PA. However, uncertainties in the available data call for caution in interpreting the status of the salmon population in the Margaree River.
Food, Social and Ceremonial (FSC) fisheries for Atlantic Salmon continue to occur in several rivers in the Gulf Region.
Stakeholders and Indigenous partners expressed growing concerns with the state of the Atlantic salmon and the need to take immediate action to impede the decline.
Various interest groups continue to express concerns that striped bass predation on Atlantic salmon smolts is hindering the recovery of Atlantic salmon.
The predator-prey relationship between striped bass and Atlantic salmon is complex and not fully understood. However, trends suggest that striped bass predation is not the determining factor in the abundance of Atlantic salmon.
Overall, the striped bass and Atlantic salmon interaction is considered natural, localized, and would have occurred in the history of those two native species. Striped bass predation on Atlantic salmon smolts does not explain the declines in adult salmon returns observed in Gulf Region rivers and elsewhere.
It is estimated that only one to four percent of smolts return as adults throughout most of its range and at-sea mortality is considered to be a significant factor for the decline of Atlantic salmon.
Atlantic salmon faces a range of threats and have seen a sharp decline in productivity since 1990 in both North America and Europe. Factors that have or still contribute to declines in salmon abundance include, but are not limited to, high at-sea mortality, habitat degradation, climate change as well as legal and illegal fishing pressures.

G – Issue Notes Pacific Region

G33 - Open-net pen Transition in British Columbia

We are working with the Province of British Columbia and Indigenous communities on a responsible plan to transition from open-net pen salmon farming in coastal British Columbia waters by 2025.
The vision of the Transition Plan is to advance innovation and growth in sustainable aquaculture in British Columbia to progressively minimize or eliminate interactions between farmed and wild salmon, while also taking into account social, cultural, and economic objectives.
We are ensuring that the transition is undertaken in a manner that respects the rights and interests of Indigenous Peoples, and supports coastal communities and workers.

Question 1: What work has Fisheries and Oceans done so far?

I have met with partners and stakeholders in a series of bilateral meetings and virtual Ministerial Roundtables, as well as a tour of aquaculture sites on Vancouver Island.
My Department has conducted extensive consultations since 2020. In response to requests from First Nations and others, the time period for consultation on the Transition Plan has been extended.
My Department will continue to consult to ensure we have targeted feedback for the draft transition plan.

Question 2: When will the transition plan be finalized?

We are collaborating and engaging with First Nations, the Province of British Columbia, local governments, and key stakeholders on the development and implementation of a responsible transition plan.
Once a Transition Plan is finalized and published, we will continue to collaborate and engage with partners and stakeholders on its implementation.

Background

In 2019, and again in 2021, the Minister of Fisheries, Oceans and the Canadian Coast Guard was mandated to work with the Province of British Columbia (B.C.) and Indigenous communities on a responsible plan to transition from open-net pen salmon farming in coastal B.C. waters by 2025.
On July 29, 2022, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) released a discussion framework which outlines a proposed vision for transitioning from open-net pen salmon aquaculture in B.C. The proposed framework will help guide engagement with the Province, First Nations, industry, local governments, stakeholders, and British Columbians.
A “What We Heard” Report, released May 18, 2023, provides a summary of ideas and perspectives raised during Phases 1 and 2 of engagement.
In response to requests from First Nations and others, the department has extended the time period for consultation on the transition with all interested parties.
Phase 3 of engagement (July to September 2023) provided participants the opportunity to review the What We Heard Report and provide their own perspectives on the points raised. DFO anticipates providing an update on the next steps in the engagement process soon.
The feedback and input received during this engagement will be instrumental in the development of the final transition plan.
Phase 4 of engagement will be launched imminently and will run until March 2024. The purpose of Phase 4 engagement will be to receive targeted feedback required in the drafting of the Transition Plan Blueprint.

Discovery Islands

In early 2023 former Minister Murray directed the Department not to reissue licences for 15 Atlantic salmon facilities in the Discovery Islands, consistent with a previous decision made by former Minister Bernadette Jordan, and approved reissuance of a small chinook facility.
In March 2023, DFO received notice of applications for judicial review of that decision by Mowi, Cermaq, Grieg and Wei Wai Kum First Nation (representing both itself and We Wai Kai First Nation). Concurrently, DFO was informed that Mowi, Cermaq, and five tertiary companies filed civil claims against DFO, and two former Ministers of the Department, relating to Ministerial Decisions going back to December 2020.
DFO is working with the Department of Justice, which is leading the litigation on these two files. The judicial review proceeded with the case heard in Federal Court in December 2023. The civil claims are also currently before the courts.

G34 - Pacific Salmon Strategy Initiative

Pacific salmon populations are in serious decline due to climate change impacts, pollutants, changes in land and water use, and illegal harvesting.
To meet these challenges, the Government has invested $686 million over five years to implement decisive steps under the Pacific Salmon Strategy Initiative.
Targeted actions to date include the launch of the Pacific Salmon Commercial Licence Retirement Program and extension to the BC Salmon Restoration and Innovation Fund.

Question 1: What actions is the Department taking under the Pacific Salmon Strategy Initiative?

As of January 2024, the Department has invested $152.1 million in targeted actions to address Pacific salmon declines, of which $41.8 million was delivered through partners. This included support for new and innovative Indigenous harvesting practices, projects to address severe flooding impacts to salmon habitat in southern British Columbia, and licence retirements for eligible commercial salmon harvesters.
The Initiative will continue to support partners in undertaking habitat restoration, Pacific salmon rebuilding, Indigenous salmon stewardship, as well as the development of new trilateral governance approaches as part of the federal United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act Action Plan.
There are also a number of targeted efforts for the Yukon such as a feasibility study for a salmon stewardship centre including a conservation hatchery, First Nations salmon fishery programs, and integrated stock rebuilding planning.
Over the remaining two years, investments will continue to be made across all four pillars of the Pacific Salmon Strategy Initiative.

Background

Budget 2021 provided a transformational investment starting in 2021-22, to Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) to stabilize and conserve wild Pacific salmon populations as part of the Pacific Salmon Strategy Initiative (PSSI)
Following the Budget 2021 announcement, the PSSI was launched in June 2021, with the goal of stemming the severe and ongoing decline of key Pacific salmon stocks on Canada’s West Coast and restoring them to a sustainable level for future generations of Canadians.
This investment of $686 million over five years will focus on implementing initiatives from 2021-22 to 2025-26 and is organized under four pillars: Conservation and Stewardship (habitat and rebuilding-related work); Salmon Enhancement (hatcheries-related work); Harvest Transformation (harvest-related work); and Integration and Collaboration (internal and external integration of planning and collaboration with others). The long-term initiative is unprecedented in both value and scope, and the work will require the efforts of not only the Department, but of those whose lives and interests are affected by the state of Pacific salmon.
The 2018 Fall Economic Statement reiterated the Government’s commitment to the sustainability of wild Pacific salmon, supporting stock assessment and rebuilding efforts through a renewed Fisheries Act for priority fish stocks, and announcing the launch of the first iteration of the British Columbia Salmon Restoration and Innovation Fund (BCSRIF). The federal-provincial joint BCSRIF was officially launched on March 15, 2019 originally allocating $142.85 million over five years: $100 million from Canada and $42.85 million from BC. The second phase of the BCSRIF was announced in August 2022, with an additional $100 million funded via PSSI. This brings the total funding of BCSRIF to $285 million ($85 million from BC), with an extended program end date of March 31, 2026.
The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada has assessed over 40 populations of Pacific salmon to be at risk (Endangered, Threatened, or of Special concern). These populations are under consideration for listing under the Species at Risk Act.
Since 2021, Fisheries and Oceans Canada has funded several projects led by Yukon First Nations to support local salmon priorities and interests. Examples of PSSI-funded projects in the Yukon include a feasibility study for a salmon stewardship centre including a conservation hatchery, First Nations salmon fishery programs, and integrated stock rebuilding planning. Resources have also been confirmed for the Yukon Salmon Sub-Committee to enhance their capacity to further engage with Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), Yukon First Nation Governments and the public, on PSSI and efforts to address declines in Yukon salmon populations. The Government is committed to continuing to advance Pacific salmon conservation, rebuilding and restoration in the Yukon through collaboration with Yukon First Nations and Territorial Governments.

H – Issue Notes – Arctic Region

H35 - Canadian Coast Guard Presence in the Arctic

In 2021, the Government of Canada announced the construction of two Polar icebreakers under the National Shipbuilding Strategy, with the first of the Polar Icebreakers scheduled for delivery in 2030. These larger, more powerful Polar icebreakers will enable the Canadian Coast Guard to conduct year-round operations in Canada’s North to support Indigenous Peoples and northerners, strengthen Arctic sovereignty, advance high Arctic science, and better respond to maritime emergencies.
Since the implementation of the Arctic Region, the Coast Guard has strengthened its physical presence in the North via its assets, personnel and partnerships.

Question 1 : What activities does the Coast Guard undertake in the Arctic regarding Arctic Sovereignty?

The Coast Guard provides federal on-water response and essential services to promote Canadian sovereignty in the Arctic.
The Coast Guard supports Canadian Arctic sovereignty through the generation of maritime domain awareness information. Current and emerging maritime domain awareness capabilities, systems and tools help to track vessels in the Arctic continuously and helps to identify targets that could pose a threat.

Question 2: How is the Coast Guard contributing to maritime domain awareness?

The Coast Guard contributes to maritime domain awareness through its suite of sensors, tools, and assets, as well as information sharing with other government departments.

In the summer of 2023, the Coast Guard has extended the provision of ship-based maritime domain awareness, as well as Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Services. capabilities. During that exercise, the Coast Guard was also successful in proving the feasibility of Remotely Piloted Aerial System operations under maritime domain awareness capacities.

Question 3: Other than icebreakers, what does Coast Guard’s presence look like in the Canadian Arctic?

The Coast Guard Arctic Region has personnel operating across the Arctic, including Yellowknife, Hay River, Inuvik, Pond Inlet, Whale Cove, Kuujjuaq and Iqaluit amongst others.
Coast Guard assets and personnel in the Arctic provide a variety of functions such as marine traffic services, pollution and hazard response, buoy tending, maritime search and rescue, training of the Coast Guard Auxiliary, and many others.
The Coast Guard also played a key role in the federal government response to the Northwest Territories wildfires in 2023 through its helicopter, incident command system assets and trained personnel.

Question 4: Will the Coast Guard seek armament to support the mandate of safeguarding Canadian sovereignty in the Arctic?

The Coast Guard plays an important role in safeguarding Canadian sovereignty in the Arctic. This is primarily through the provision of a visible presence of the Government of Canada, and the advancement of maritime domain awareness in Canada’s Territorial Waters and Exclusive Economic Zone.
While the Coast Guard’s presence supports the expression of Canada’s sovereignty, the mandate for use of armament with the goal of protecting Canada’s sovereignty rests solely with the Canadian Armed Forces, as expressed in ‘’Strong, Secure, Engaged: Canada’s Defence Policy’’.

Background

Canadian Arctic sovereignty is not only demonstrated through the physical presence of assets, like icebreakers, but also through the communities and peoples who live there. For example, the Canadian Coast Guard’s (CCG) icebreakers are instrumental in enabling industry vessels to undertake community resupply that would otherwise be inaccessible to most of Canada’s Arctic communities which do not have road access.
Canadian Coast Guard ships (CCGS) operate in the Arctic region from June until November each season with the regional headquarters in Yellowknife. Through funding enabled by the renewal of the Oceans Protection Plan, Arctic Region’s Inshore Rescue Boat North station in Rankin Inlet is being upgraded to an Arctic Marine Response Station, supporting Eastern Arctic response.
The CCG base in Hay River hosts the CCGS buoy tenders, the CCGS Eckaloo and CCGS Dumit that maintain the Mackenzie River; a Search and Rescue (SAR) vessel; and a Rapid Air Transportable pack environmental response equipment.
The CCG has assets spread across the region including over 20 community caches of environmental response equipment; one rapid air-transportable pack; two Marine Environmental Hazards Response (MEHR) depots - one in Hay River and one in Iqaluit; two MEHR depots – one in Tuktoyaktuk and one Churchill.
The CCG works with the United States Coast Guard (USCG) and Danish counterparts to plan and conduct joint exercises on SAR, environmental response, and incident management. Additionally, the CCG conducts joint passing exercises with the USCG for inter-border operability.
The Marine Communications Traffic Services (MCTS) centre in Iqaluit monitors and tracks reporting vessels that enter the Northern Canada Vessel Traffic Services Zone Regulations’ waters. The CCG has 2,000 navigational aids across the Canadian Arctic to help maintain the Canadian Arctic waterways as an economic corridor.
The CCG Auxiliary (CCGA), which is a separate national non-profit network, has 40 units across the Arctic with 469 members and 59 vessels. The CCGA are integral to the local SAR response capacity, and the CCG supports the CCGA through the training and certification of both the members and the CCGA’s vessels. Through the Indigenous Community Boat Volunteer Program, the CCG has awarded over $7.2 million to support the purchase of Community Boats and to become CCGA units.
The CCG is one of the primary contributors to Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) in the Arctic. Canada's ability to respond to regional challenges, provide security and ensure compliance with our laws and regulations depends on its ability to build and maintain MDA as a comprehensive picture of what is happening across the region.
The Office of the Auditor General’s Report on Arctic Waters Surveillance (November 2022) concluded that to assess safety and security risks adequately and respond appropriately, Canada must be aware of what happens in Arctic waters through MDA.
Effective response to maritime security incidents and the development of MDA depends on seamless, interoperable efforts between the CCG and the Marine Security Operation Centres partners.
A key tool the CCG utilizes to contributes to MDA is the geopolitical risk management and economic sanctions compliance product called PurpleTRAC, which provides five layers of screening: ship and flag watch list, global sanctions, country sanctions, ship movement history and port state control.

H36 - Establishment of the Arctic Region

In October 2018, the Government of Canada announced the creation of stand-alone Arctic Regions for Fisheries and Oceans Canada and the Canadian Coast Guard.
Extensive engagement with Inuit, First Nations, and Métis governments and organizations occurred to ensure that the region’s boundaries, programs, and services delivered reflect the needs and priorities of the communities.
This regional structure supports Canada and the Department's commitments to reconciliation with Indigenous Peoples; cooperation with domestic and international partners; innovation with a northern focus; and a diverse, equitable, and inclusive workplace.
Through dedicated and ongoing planning capacity, the Department is delivering critical programs and services that are reflective of and responsive to the unique needs of Northern communities. Decision-making and policy implementation is undertaken by the North, for the North, and in the North.

Question 1: What are some of the flagship initiatives in the Arctic

Region?

The Marine Conservation Targets for the Arctic are critical to achieving Canada’s marine protection goals. Significant investments and partnerships have been made to protect marine areas across the Arctic.
The National Shipbuilding Strategy has seen three new medium icebreakers in 2018; investment in six new program icebreakers in 2019; and the announcement of two new polar icebreakers coming in 2030.
In support of the Permanent Project Funding, the government announced $800 million in 2022 to support Indigenous-led conservation initiatives in the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and the offshore Northern Continental Shelf region, British Columbia and Hudson Bay. These initiatives reflect the government's commitment to protect and conserve 30 percent of land and oceans by 2030 and the priority given to indigenous-led conservation initiatives.
Since 2017, the Oceans Protection Plan has supported local response capacity by providing funding for the Indigenous Community Boats Volunteer Program and the Canadian Coast Guard Auxiliary. Additionally, the Oceans Protection Plan has allowed for the expansion of the Arctic Marine Rescue Station in Rankin Inlet, Nunavut and increased Hydrographic Charting in the Arctic.
Over $8 million in Grants and Contributions are provided to Inuit, First Nations, and Métis partners to support engagement and capacity building.

Background

In October 2018, the Government of Canada announced the creation of stand-alone Arctic Regions for Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) and the Canadian Coast Guard (CCG). After significant consultation with northern Indigenous governments, organizations, and communities, the boundaries of the Regions were announced in March 2020, to include all of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut along with Nunavik (Quebec) and Nunatsiavut (Newfoundland), the Yukon North Slope and Hudson Bay and James Bay. The DFO/CCG Arctic Regions are the first Federal government departments to be inclusive of all of Inuit Nunangat, the territorial home of Inuit.
The transition of CCG Arctic programs was completed in 2021. Initial DFO Arctic programs were transitioned to the Arctic Region in 2020 and the remaining programs are expected to transition as of April 1, 2024.
DFO plays a unique role in the Arctic, related to DFO’s mandate for the aquatic environment, with the majority of Arctic communities situated along the marine coast, or on other navigable waterways. Fish and marine mammals are a staple of the Northern diet and critical for Arctic food security. These resources also form the basis of renewable economic opportunities for many in the Arctic, in fact, according to the National Indigenous Fisheries Institute, commercial fishing is one of the few economic drivers for communities in many areas of the North.
CCG Regional Headquarters is in Yellowknife and DFO Headquarters is in Rankin Inlet, with additional offices in Iqaluit, NU, and Inuvik and Hay River, NT.
In 2021, the Inuit Nunangat DFO-CCG Arctic Committee was established as the formal governance mechanism between DFO and Inuit governments to help guide collaborative engagement and decision-making with respect to program and service delivery priorities and provide an essential platform for effective communication and coordination with Indigenous governments and communities.
Seven Community Engagement Coordinators are being recruited for January 2024 to foster on-the ground relations between the community and the Department to advance Departmental priorities, including programs and services.
Meaningful and wide-ranging engagement with Inuit, First Nations and Metis and northern communities has identified priorities for the Regions, including: increasing presence and capacity in the North; using Indigenous Knowledge in decision making; leading policy development from the North; addressing employment barriers and creating new opportunities; adapting to climate change; and addressing infrastructure gaps.
In 2018, the Arctic Region was allocated initial short-term funding from internal departmental resources along with the transfer of programs and associated funding from other Regions, of which $19.8 million annually is ongoing.
DFO Arctic Region has over 100 positions, of which 31 are based in the North. Additional positions are anticipated to transition to the Arctic Region in 2024. Two DFO Arctic Executive positions are staffed in the north.
As of October 2023, Coast Guard’s Arctic Region has 151 employees, of which 70 employees are based in the north, including one Executive.

I – Issue Notes – Quebec Region

I37 - Shrimp and Redfish fishery of the Estuary and Gulf of St-Lawrence

The sharp decline in the abundance of shrimp in the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence is a cause for concern for the future of this commercial fishery.
The Department anticipated the recommendation process for the 2024 season by carrying out the stock assessment at the end of October and holding the advisory committee meeting on October 31 and November 1, so that I may make a decision on the total allowable catches (TAC) as soon as possible.
The total TAC for the four shrimp stocks will be 3,060 tonnes. This TAC will ensure a modest fishery, while allowing shrimp stocks to rebuild.
Discussions will take place shortly with industry and First Nations representatives, to finalize how this allocation will be managed.
10 percent of the redfish unit 1 quota is also reserved for shrimpers in the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence.
On January 26, 2024, I announced the re-opening of the commercial Redfish fishery in Unit 1, with a 10 per cent allocation going to Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence shrimp harvesters, to provide a new source of income to these harvesters.

Question 1: Will Fisheries and Oceans compensate harvesters to help them get through this crisis?

The Department, in collaboration with other federal government departments that have an economic mandate, is evaluating resources and programs available to support the shrimp fishing industry.
The Department does not currently manage a financial assistance program for harvesters. Its mandate is to ensure resource conservation for sustainable fisheries.

Question 2: How will the reopening of the redfish fishery help shrimp harvesters?

On January 26, 2024, the Minister announced the return of the commercial Unit 1 redfish this year.
An allocation of 10 percent of the Redfish TAC will be available to Estuary and Gulf Shrimp harvesters.
The redfish fishery will open this year with a 10 percent allocation to Gulf shrimp harvesters. This will provide them with an additional source of income.
Gulf shrimp harvesters can transition into this fishery as they already have licences and vessels that can be used to fish redfish.

Background

During the 2023 season, landings of northern shrimp in the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence have been described as "spectacularly catastrophic" by fishermen and processors. Catch rates in the busiest fishing areas were at 50 percent of what they were the year before.
These low catch rates combined with high operating costs have created major profitability issues. Several fishing companies and processing plants faced major financial difficulties, and the low volumes caught already had economic repercussions in certain communities in New Brunswick (NB), Quebec (QC) and on the west coast of Newfoundland and Labrador (NL).
The latest Stock Assessment of Northern Shrimp in the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence concluded that three of the four stocks are currently in the critical zone of the proposed precautionary approach, and that their respective biomass values are the lowest observed since 1990.
Warming and oxygen depletion in deep waters, as well as increased predation by redfish appear to be major factors contributing to the decline and lower productivity of these stocks. The ecosystem changes observed in the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence indicate a heightened risk to the sustainability of stocks, and consequently to the entire ecosystem of which it is a part, due to its role as a forage species.
At the advisory committee meeting held on October 31 and November 1, fleet representatives from Quebec, New Brunswick and Newfoundland and Labrador reiterated their dismay at the anticipated reduction in quotas. They rejected the revised Precautionary Approach proposal and called for an ecosystem-based management approach that would take into account redfish predation levels.
They also recommended opening the commercial redfish fishery in Unit 1 as early as the 2024 season, and called for the rapid implementation of a government assistance program to help finance fleet rationalization and the transition to the redfish fishery.
On January 26, 2024, the Minister announced the re-opening of the commercial Redfish fishery in Unit 1, with a 10 per cent allocation going to Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence shrimp harvesters.
Gulf shrimp licence holders already have groundfish mobile gear licences that provide access to Unit 1 Redfish. Prior to the closure of the commercial redfish fishery in Unit 1 (1995), Gulf shrimp harvesters held 5.95 percent of the overall allocation key for Unit 1 Redfish as part of the inshore and midshore fleet sector allocations. The 10 percent allocation provided in the January 26 decision will be supplementary to any allocation held by Gulf shrimpers in the inshore and midshore allocations.
In total, for the four shrimp stocks, the TAC will be 3,060 tonnes, i.e. 1,757 tones for Esquiman, 488 tonnes for Anticosti, 342 tonnes for Sept-Îles, and 473 tonnes for the Estuary.

I38 - Quebec Fisheries Fund

The Quebec Fisheries Fund is a contribution fund of over $40 million, over five years (2019 to 2024). The program is designed to support innovation and sustainability in the fish and seafood sector.
More than 60 per cent of the available contribution budget has been committed to 160 projects.
Interest in the Quebec Fisheries Fund program remains strong with more than 30 projects, seeking funding of over $6 million, under evaluation.

Question 1: Will the program’s end date be amended?

The Department and the Government of Quebec agreed on amending the Quebec Fisheries Fund Framework Agreements to extend the program’s end date from its current date of March 31, 2024, for up to two years, until March 31, 2026.
The additional period of two years would extend the period during which projects must be fully implemented and reimbursed.

Background

The Quebec Fisheries Fund is designed to support the fisheries and aquaculture sector, spark innovation and support the development and sustainable growth of the industry. The two levels of government have committed $40 million, including $27 million from Fisheries and Oceans Canada. To date, 160 projects have been approved under this program, for a total of $24.1 million.
The extension would allow the continuity of the program by two years (2024–25 and 2025–26) to support the development of a healthy and sustainable fisheries and aquaculture industry to meet the growing demand for high-quality seafood from sustainable sources.
The cost is shared with the province, divided 70 percent federal and 30 percent provincial, over the duration of the program.

J – Annex

J39 - Fisheries Management Decisions

Redfish Unit 1

Decision:

Unit 1 Access and Allocation decision - required for the Minister to determine the sharing of Total Allowable Catches (TACs) when the commercial fishery resumes.

Key Messages:

I am considering a wide variety of perspectives on access and allocation sharing received from industry stakeholders, Indigenous groups, provincial partners, and others.
Once a decision on an allocation sharing key is taken, further consultations will be necessary to establish inshore and midshore fleet shares, sub-allocations of any Indigenous quota, and management measures necessary to operationalize the fishery.

Cod 3Ps
Atlantic Cod NAFO 3Pn4RS
Gulf Groundfish (American Place 4T, Atlantic Cod 4TVn, White Hake4T, Winter Flounder 4T)
Atlantic Herring 4T (spring spawner) Southern Gulf of St. Lawrence
Atlantic Mackerel
Chinook Salmon Okanagan
7.Pacific Herring Haida Gwaii
Northern Shrimp SFA 6

Decision:

Rebuilding Plans

Key Messages:

My department is working diligently to develop these rebuilding plans within the prescribed time parameters.
I am confident we will meet those targets.

Pacific Salmon West Coast Vancouver Island Chinook

Decision:

Rebuilding Plans

Key Messages:

I am aware of the requests by Indigenous groups and stakeholders who seek to have a 12-month extension for this rebuilding plan to allow for additional science work. This is permitted under the Fisheries Act.
I will make my decision on this in the near future.

Spring Herring

Southern Gulf of St. Lawrence (SGSL)

Decision:

Management Approach by Sector (MAS) - seeking ministerial decision on to change the current fix sharing formula for distributing the Total Allowable Catch (TAC) to a sharing formula using a spawning stock biomass indicator.

Key Messages:

Fall herring is currently in the cautious zone of the Precautionary Approach.
Allocating the total allowable catch to Herring Fishing Areas based on spawning stock biomass is being considered as it aligns with our science advice.

Northern Cod 2J3KL

Decision:

2024 Management Approach

Key Messages:

A Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat assessment for the Northern cod framework took place from October 16-20, 2023 to review the current Northern cod assessment model.
Consensus was reached on significant improvements to the Northern cod assessment model, including an updated limit reference point, which indicates that the stock in 2021 was in the cautious zone.
An updated stock status will follow after the 2024 stock assessment.
The 2024 Northern cod management decision will consider the best available Science advice and input from Indigenous partners, harvesters, the provincial government and other industry stakeholders.
This F18 decision will be made following the Northern cod stock assessment and advisory process in spring 2024.

Estuary and Gulf Shrimp SFA 8, 9, 10 and 12

Decision:

2024 Total Allowable Catch

Key Messages:

The sharp decline in the abundance of shrimp in the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence is a cause for concern for the future of this commercial fishery.
The Department anticipated the recommendation process for the 2024 season by exceptionally carrying out the stock assessment at the end of October and holding the advisory committee meeting on October 31 and
November 1.
I will make a decision in the near future.

Elver Maritimes

Decision:

Mandate for engagement on access and allocations

Key Messages:

Considering an approach to consultation on access and allocation for the important elver fishery.
A decision will be made in the near future to support consultation prior to this coming fishery season.
One with no GCCMS number: We need to consider a wide variety of perspectives on access and allocation sharing received from Indigenous groups, industry stakeholders, provincial partners, and others, to support fishery access for the 2024 season and beyond.

Capelin (4RST) & (2J3KLPs) Nfld & Lab

Decision:

Ministerial Decision

Key Messages:

A Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat (CSAS) assessment for the 4RST capelin stock will take place February 28-29, 2024, and March 5-8, 2024 for the 2J3KLPs capelin. Following both stock assessments an advisory meeting will be held with the 4RST capelin advisory committee in Corner Brook, NL and the 2J3KLPs advisory committee in Gander, NL. The dates for both advisory meetings will be set within the next three weeks. A decision on the 2024 management plan will be needed by the first week of June 2024.

Date modified:: 2024-05-21

Standing Senate Committee on Fisheries and Oceans (POFO) Minister’s Appearance

Table of contents

A – Opening remarks

B – Placemat

CESD Report: Monitoring Fisheries Catch

Inshore Regulations Update – Owner Operator and Fleet Separation

Foreign Ownership of Fishing Licences

Opening and Closing of Fisheries; Safety of Fishers - Decision Making Process

Striped Bass Predation in Miramichi River

Small Craft Harbours

North Atlantic Right Whale Report

Closure of Atlantic Mackerel Fishery

Peace on the Water

Food, Social and Ceremonial Fisheries

Indigenous Moderate Livelihood Fishing

Reconciliation and UNDA

Internal Measures to Tackle Systemic Racism

Seal predation

Seal Science and Collaboration and External Research

Trade barriers for seal products

Management of seal populations

Maritimes Search and Rescue

Fleet Renewal

Abandoned, wrecked, derelict vessels

Canadian Coast Guard Presence in the Arctic

Science at the Department of Fisheries and Oceans

Climate Change

Permitting Process to Support Clean Growth

Indo-Pacific Trade Agreements and Implications for DFO

Great Lakes Fishery Commission

Refocusing of Government Spending

Atlantic Fisheries Fund

Quebec Fisheries Fund

Unauthorized Fishing in Nova Scotia

Commercial Elvers Fishery

Tidal Energy

Avon River Tidal Gate / Highway 101 Twinning

Recreational fishery of Atlantic Salmon

Establishment of the Arctic Region

Open-net pen Transition in British Columbia

Pacific Salmon Strategy Initiative

C – Senate Issue Notes

Indigenous-related Notes

C1 - Peace on the Water Report

Question 1: How will the Government ensure that Indigenous peoples have the fishing licences (“access”) needed to exercise their rights?

Question 2: Why should Fisheries and Oceans Canada oversee the implementation of fishing rights, and not Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada?

Question 3: Will the Department commit to using section 4.1 of the Fisheries Act to enter into collaborative fisheries agreements with Treaty Nations?

Question 4: What is being done to ensure that Indigenous fish harvesters can safely and meaningfully exercise their fishing rights?

Background

C2 - Food, Social and Ceremonial (FSC) Fisheries

Question 1: How does DFO decide how to issue food, social, and ceremonial licenses?

Question 2: What is DFO doing to combat unauthorized sale of FSC catch?

Question 3: How is the Department working towards further implementing rights-based FSC fishing?

Background

C3 – Indigenous Moderate Livelihood Fishing

Question 1: How will the Government ensure that Indigenous peoples have the fishing licences (“access”) needed to exercise their rights?

Background

C4 - Reconciliation and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act

Question 1: How is the Department working towards reconciliation?

Question 2: How will the Department implement the UN Declaration Action Plan?

Background

C5 - Internal Measures to Tackle System Racism and in Support of Reconciliation

Question 1: What internal activities is the Department undertaking to eliminate systemic racism against Indigenous Peoples?

Question 2: What is the Department doing to ensure representation of Indigenous Peoples within its workforce?

Background

Seal Notes

C6 - Seal Predation

Question 1: How are science activities determined?

Question 2: What is our understanding of the impacts of seals?

Background

C7 - Seal Science, Collaboration & External Research

Question 1: Who does seal science?

Question 2: What science research is underway?

Background

C8 - Trade Barriers for Seal Products

Question 1: How is the Government supporting market development for Canadian seal products?

Background

C9 - Management of Seal Populations

Question 1: What is the Departments current seal management approach?

Question 2: Is the Department considering population control?

Standing Senate Committee on Fisheries and Oceans (POFO)
Minister’s Appearance