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ARCHIVED - National Aquaculture Strategic Action Plan Initiative: West Coast Marine Finfish Sector Strategic Action Plan

2011–2015

December 16, 2010

Introduction

The National Aquaculture Strategic Action Plan Initiative (NASAPI) is a collaborative exercise led by the Canadian Council of Fisheries and Aquaculture Ministers (CCFAM) to enhance and advance economically, environmentally and socially sustainable aquaculture development in all regions of the country.  For additional information regarding the initiative, refer to the overarching NASAPI document. The initiative includes five strategic actions plans that pertain to the five regionally distinct aquaculture sectors in Canada: East Coast marine finfish, East Coast shellfish, national freshwater, West Coast marine finfish and West Coast shellfish.  Although the action items outlined herein are specific to the marine finfish aquaculture sector, implementation of this action plan should remain consistent with the vision, objectives and guiding principles of the initiative’s overarching document.

The strategic action plans outline areas where efforts are required to improve public governance of aquaculture and private operations (although not all of the action items within the plans necessarily apply to all provinces and territories).  Effective, well-communicated governance enhances public confidence in government oversight of industry activities, leading to an improved social licence—and in turn, to increased investor confidence in aquaculture, which will stimulate responsible and sustainable growth that creates economic prosperity. 

Responsibility for the implementation of the strategic action plans lies principally with the bilateral Federal–Provincial Aquaculture MOU Management Committees.  For those actions that are national in scope, the CCFAM Strategic Management Committee will assume a lead role in implementation.  The following principles will guide the implementation process:

GOVERNANCE

Within the federal government, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) is the lead agency for aquaculture development. As such, part of DFO's mandate is to create the conditions necessary to support a vibrant and innovative aquaculture sector. Several other federal departments and agencies are involved in the management of aquaculture in Canada. Most notably, these include the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Environment Canada, Health Canada and Transport Canada. The provinces and territories also play substantive roles in the development and management of aquaculture.  The NASAPI presents an opportunity, where practicable, to develop a more harmonized, single-window approach to aquaculture management.

Aquaculture Management

In February 2009, the British Columbia Supreme Court (BCSC) ruled that the activity of aquaculture is a fishery which falls under federal jurisdiction pursuant to sub-section 91(12) of the Constitution Act, 1867 - Sea Coast and Inland Fisheries.  Nevertheless, the Province of British Columbia still plays an important role in sustainable aquaculture development, specifically with regard to granting land-use (site) tenures.  In response to the court ruling, Fisheries and Oceans Canada has committed to establish a federal regulatory regime governing aquaculture pursuant to the Fisheries Act in the geographic area of British Columbia and along the Pacific coast.  When brought into force, the comprehensive Pacific Aquaculture Regulations will have a significant and direct impact on the aquaculture management in BC. 

Action Items - Aquaculture Management

This table outlines the summary information related to the action item identified above. The first column indicates the specific action, the second column indicates the suggested timeframe, and the third column indicates the status of this action item.

AM-1 - Implement the Pacific Aquaculture Regulations (PAR)
Actions Suggested TimeframeFootnote 1 Status

Finalize the regulatory review process and enact the Regulations

Develop interim key policies and operational documentation for transition to a DFO delivered regime under the PAR

Year 1

On-going

Potential Contributors - DFO, EC, TC, CFIA, British Columbia, Industry, First Nations and other stakeholdersFootnote 2


This table outlines the summary information related to the action item identified above. The first column indicates the specific action, the second column indicates the suggested timeframe, and the third column indicates the status of this action item.

AM-2 – Through discussion with pertinent parties and stakeholders, refine the necessary program policies, and guidelines to provide detailed guidance regarding management decision-making with respect to aquaculture
Actions Suggested Timeframe Status
 Develop, for example:
  • Principles of ecosystem-based aquaculture management
  • Protocols to incorporate the Precautionary Approach in aquaculture decisions
  • Policy with respect to assessing and managing potential environmental impacts
  • Access to Wild Fish Resources Policy for Aquaculture Purposes
  • Statements on application of CEAA
  • Approaches with respect to Species at Risk
  • Guidelines for siting of aquaculture (joint with Province as leasing / tenure-granting agency)
  • Policy on public reporting of regulatory information

Year 1

On-going

Potential Contributors - DFO, EC, TC, CFIA, British Columbia, Industry, First Nations and other stakeholders


This table outlines the summary information related to the action item identified above. The first column indicates the specific action, the second column indicates the suggested timeframe, and the third column indicates the status of this action item.

AM-3 – Through advisory structures and other mechanisms, engage pertinent parties and stakeholders in the refinement of necessary integrated management plans, public reporting, and other operational documentation to manage for the sector
Actions Suggested Timeframe Status
Develop, for example:
  • Integrated Management of Aquaculture Plans and Advisory Process Guidelines
  • Application of Sustainable Aquaculture Framework through management plans
  • Aquaculture Regulatory Management Performance Checklist
  • Guidance on ecological risk management processes
  • Guidance on socio-economic analyses

Year 2

On-going

Potential Contributors - DFO, EC, TC, CFIA British Columbia, Industry, First Nations and other stakeholders


This table outlines the summary information related to the action item identified above. The first column indicates the specific action, the second column indicates the suggested timeframe, and the third column indicates the status of this action item.

AM-4 - To continuously improve the regulatory framework, support R&D pertaining to environmental effects and management in aquaculture
Actions Suggested Timeframe Status

Prioritize R&D requirements for improved environmental management in aquaculture

Year 1

 

Potential Contributors - DFO / British Columbia, Industry, First Nations and other stakeholders

Navigable Waters Protection Act

Most suspension (floating) aquaculture structures require approval under the Navigable Water Protection Act (NWPA) because they have the potential to interfere with navigation. The requirement for an NWPA approval may also trigger a federal environmental assessment under the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act if the project is considered likely to cause substantial navigational interference.

The NASAPI has identified an opportunity for Transport Canada to introduce a more standardized approach for site reviews and navigational marking requirements for aquaculture works. Renewed site review and operational guidelines will improve consistency and interpretation amongst regional reviewers and level the playing field for producers. Efforts should also be made to extend the approval period beyond five years, with longer approvals and simplified renewal procedures for compliant operators.

Action Items - Navigable Waters

This table outlines the summary information related to the action item identified above. The first column indicates the specific action, the second column indicates the suggested timeframe, and the third column indicates the status of this action item.

NWPA-1 - Review and renew national policies and guidelines for aquaculture site applications under the NWPA
Actions Suggested Timeframe Status

Review and update Transport Canada's Application and Site Marking Requirements for Aquaculture Projects in Canada to meet federal, provincial/territorial and industry needs

  • specifically address needs within various classes of aquaculture
  • strive toward development of a streamlined review process
  • consistently apply navigational site marking requirements across Canada

Year 1

On-going

Conduct a review of all current Transport Canada aquaculture approvals to determine the level of compliance and take measures to bring all sites into compliance Year 1 On-going
Identify policy and/or procedural means by which Transport Canada can allow for 'works' to be realigned and/or modified within the boundaries of the leased area to facilitate improved site management without contravention of the NWPA Year 1 On-going
Identify means to lengthen the duration of NWPA approvals and to simplify the approvals process for compliant operators Year 1 On-going

Potential Contributors - DFO, Transport Canada, Industry, British Columbia, other stakeholders

Other Regulatory and Governance Issues

Other regulatory and governance issues exist within the aquaculture sector, as outlined in the following chart. Among these, the rights and obligations of aquaculturists under the existing legislative and regulatory regime should be better defined with respect to property rights, public rights of access to waters near aquaculture sites, First Nations and aboriginal rights, etc. The NASAPI presents an opportunity to address and resolve these matters as well.

This table outlines the summary information related to the action item identified above. The first column indicates the specific action, the second column indicates the suggested timeframe, and the third column indicates the status of this action item.

ORI-1 - Identify the rights, privileges and obligations of aquaculturists operating in public waters
Actions Suggested Timeframe Status

Conduct a comprehensive review of aquaculture rights, privileges and obligations vis-à-vis fisheries, riparian rights, agriculture, etc., including:

  • control mechanisms
  • lease, tenure, licence of occupation & licence rights
  • property rights (transferability, exclusivity, duration, flexibility, security)
  • economic externalities
  • remediation of retired and/or fallow sites

Year 1

 

Potential Contributors - DFO, British Columbia, Industry

SOCIAL LICENCE AND REPORTING

Public Engagement and Communications

This action plan outlines means to improve private operations and public governance within the sector to advance the environmental and social sustainability, as well as the international competitiveness, of Canadian aquaculture. Assuming these action items are implemented effectively, the industry’s social licence should improve - but only if First Nations, aboriginal groups, community interests and the general public are aware of the progress within the sector. Therefore, timely and transparent communications as well as active community engagement are necessary to disseminate information about the economic, social and environmental sustainability of Canadian aquaculture. As part of the NASAPI, DFO, in collaboration with Statistics Canada and the provinces/territories, will compile an annual progress report entitled Aquaculture Sustainability Reporting Initiative, which will objectively present the economic, environmental and social sustainability of Canadian aquaculture.
 
Considering the broad array of user groups and the overlay of public and private interests in the aquatic environment, a broad policy perspective and public support are essential for effective aquaculture development planning. To be effective, planning initiatives must reflect an ecological perspective to spatial boundaries on a watershed basis, taking into consideration the interests of all users. The NASAPI presents an opportunity to develop and implement a cooperative planning approach to identify areas within Canada's coastal zone where aquaculture development can be optimized. Governments can play a variety of catalytic roles, including policy development, providing financial contributions to stimulate progress, and contributing to the science base required for aquatic resource mapping.

Action Items – Public Engagement & Communications

This table outlines the summary information related to the action item identified above. The first column indicates the specific action, the second column indicates the suggested timeframe, and the third column indicates the status of this action item.

SL-1 - Establish transparent information sharing system to facilitate aquaculture reporting
Actions Suggested Timeframe Status

Define information requirements and establish a standardized system for compiling, reporting and disseminating operational and compliance information that is respectful of the proprietary nature of some industry data

Year 1

On-going

 

Incorporate information sharing protocols into the federal - provincial/territorial aquaculture MOUs Year 1 On going

Where appropriate, and within the scope of the Privacy Act and other pertinent regulations, incorporate information sharing requirements as a condition for securing an aquaculture licence

  • Identify the key issues related to the scope, timing and cost of the information requirements
Year 1 On going

Implement the Aquaculture Sustainability Reporting Initiative; i.e. compile information and publish an annual, fact-based and objective report on the social, economic and environmental sustainability of the aquaculture sector that will:

  • report transparently on sustainability; and
  • demonstrate and reflect performance & transparency of government and industry
Year 1 On going

Potential Contributors - DFO, British Columbia, Industry, other stakeholders


This table outlines the summary information related to the action item identified above. The first column indicates the specific action, the second column indicates the suggested timeframe, and the third column indicates the status of this action item.

SL-2 - Research and prepare regional aquatic resource maps to optimize aquaculture development in public waters in a manner that is respectful of the interests of other resource user groups
Actions Suggested Timeframe Status

Outline mechanisms to include local interests in informed dialogue, collaboration &  communication

  • outline procedures for evaluating and communicating objective information about the social, economic and biological costs and benefits of aquaculture development to support informed decision-making

Year 2

On-going

Coordinate existing efforts to develop geographical information systems for resource-use planning to facilitate aquaculture development in public waters

  • incorporate traditional ecological knowledge amongst the parameters used to evaluate areas for aquaculture development
  • establish objectives for sector development on a regional (watershed) basis
  • utilize existing databases and knowledge repositories and coastal resource-use and development plans to facilitate informed decision-making
Year 1 On-going in some areas
Where Integrated Coastal Zone Management initiatives are underway (e.g. PNCIMA), assure that regional aquaculture interests are appropriately represented Year 2 On-going

Potential Contributors - DFO, EC, British Columbia, Research Organizations, Industry, other stakeholders


This table outlines the summary information related to the action item identified above. The first column indicates the specific action, the second column indicates the suggested timeframe, and the third column indicates the status of this action item.

SL-3 – Continue to advance industry-led communications strategies to effectively disseminate objective information about aquaculture technologies and practices
Actions Suggested Timeframe Status

Industry associations to develop and/or maintain proactive communications 

Year 1

On-going

Potential Contributors - Industry

FIRST NATIONS AND OTHER ABORIGINAL GROUPS

Sustainable aquaculture development has proved beneficial to several First Nations communities. Aquaculture presents an opportunity to supplement limited harvest volumes from the food fishery, address nutrition and human health issues by providing a source of wholesome foods, and improve the social situation. Today, First Nations and aboriginal communities are engaged in aquaculture development throughout Canada. Several First Nations, such as Kitasoo/Xiaxias on the central coast of British Columbia, Aundeck Omni Kaning on Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Mi’kmaq in Nova Scotia, and Miawpukek in Newfoundland, have elected to become directly engaged in aquaculture production to generate employment and prosperity in their communities.

In contrast, some other First Nations have been more reluctant to become involved in aquaculture as they are uncertain about the effects of aquaculture development or do not have the capacity to evaluate and implement opportunities in aquaculture. Still other communities are opposed to aquaculture development within their traditional territories. Nevertheless, First Nations and other aboriginal communities have access to some of the best sites for aquaculture development in Canada, and many have an undeniable need for sustainable economic development opportunities. Furthermore, the current participation of aboriginal communities in aquaculture is not commensurate with the opportunities available. Aboriginal aquaculture development is often precluded by insufficient awareness of potential opportunities, misinformation regarding the environmental effects of aquaculture, the lack of capacity to develop opportunities, and difficulty with accessing capital.

The NASAPI presents an opportunity to further engage First Nations and aboriginal communities in aquaculture development by making it easier to evaluate opportunities in the sector.

Action Items - Aboriginal Engagement in Aquaculture

This table outlines the summary information related to the action item identified above. The first column indicates the specific action, the second column indicates the suggested timeframe, and the third column indicates the status of this action item.

AEA-1 - Explore mechanisms and strategies for engaging aboriginal peoples in the implementation of NASAPI and generate awareness of opportunities for expanded engagement in aquaculture development amongst First Nations and other aboriginal groups
Actions Suggested Timeframe Status
Encourage and support aboriginal engagement in aquaculture development through:
  • technological and managerial expertise
  • market information and analyses
  • food quality and safety initiatives
  • access to capital
  • partnership development
  • training, mentoring and internship
  • aboriginal communication and self-support networks for aquaculture
  • incorporation of local historical aboriginal knowledge along with conventional scientific knowledge in decision-making processes
  • selection and training of Aboriginal peoples to become DFO Fishery Officers to monitor, report and enforce aquaculture activities within aboriginal territories

Year 4

 

Potential Contributors - DFO, First Nations, Other Aboriginal Groups, INAC, Provinces / Territories, Industry


This table outlines the summary information related to the action item identified above. The first column indicates the specific action, the second column indicates the suggested timeframe, and the third column indicates the status of this action item.

AEA–2. Help develop the capacity of First Nations and aboriginal communities to provide meaningful input into the aquaculture site review and assessment process
Actions Suggested Timeframe Status

Provide resources to support capacity development within regional/watershed management groups with appropriate training and expertise

Year 3

 

Potential Contributors - DFO, First Nations, Other Aboriginal Groups

PRODUCTIVITY AND COMPETITIVENESS

Fish Health

Fish health and animal welfare are pivotal concerns for the aquaculture industry. Poor health and disease increase the cost of production, decrease revenue (because of higher mortality rates, reduced growth, and inferior product quality), and compromise public confidence. In some regions of Canada, the capacity to deliver effective fish health management programs is compromised by the small size of the aquaculture sector. Consequently, the capacity to diagnose disease events and administer appropriate treatment and/or management measures can be inadequate. In some regions, this has weakened controls governing potential vectors for pathogen transfer and compromised research into diseases of commercial relevance.

Under the leadership of the CFIA, in partnership with DFO and with the support of the CCFAM, the National Aquatic Animal Health Program (NAAHP) has been launched to better manage serious infectious diseases among aquatic animals in order to protect Canadian aquatic animal resources and to facilitate trade of aquatic animals along with their products and by-products, both nationally and internationally. Amendments to the Health of Animals Regulations and the Reportable Diseases Regulations, and to proposed and existing regulations under the Fisheries Act, are intended to streamline the regulatory management of fish diseases. The NAAHP has the mandate to prevent the introduction and spread of serious pathogens associated with live animals, products, by-products and other elements through (i) mandatory notification of disease; (ii) emergency disease response; (iii) import controls; (iv) zonation; and (v) national movement permits. The NAAHP also facilitates trade internationally through an export certification program for aquatic animal health, and will do so nationally through a voluntary Facility Recognition Program. Support activities for the NAAHP include surveillance, risk assessment, diagnostic laboratory services and regulatory research.

Vaccination against infectious diseases plays a key role in assuring the sustainability of the aquaculture industry. Vaccines help to reduce the use of antibiotics, and may indirectly help reduce the incidence of disease transmission between wild and farmed fish. Continued efforts are required to improve the quality of vaccines, and of vaccine administration methods, in order to increase the effectiveness of vaccination and facilitate the low-cost mass vaccination of farmed fish.

Clearly, fish health protection and management is a complex undertaking. The NASAPI presents an opportunity for industry and governments to cooperate more effectively to implement proposed changes to the federal and provincial fish health management regimens.

Action Items - Fish Health

This table outlines the summary information related to the action item identified above. The first column indicates the specific action, the second column indicates the suggested timeframe, and the third column indicates the status of this action item.

FH-1 - Evaluate the scope of health services available to industry in each province / territory, including the costs associated with these services
Actions Suggested Timeframe Status

Within each province / territory, compile an inventory of fish health services available to the sector, the time required to effect diagnosis and treatment, the implied costs and the extent of substantive limitations.  Identify opportunities to improve fish health management

as part of this review, agencies involved in fish health management will evaluate their capacity to deliver their mandated roles and responsibilities

Year 1

On-going by CFIA; DFO and CFIA to further refine this initiative

Potential Contributors - CFIA, DFO, British Columbia


This table outlines the summary information related to the action item identified above. The first column indicates the specific action, the second column indicates the suggested timeframe, and the third column indicates the status of this action item.

FH-2 - Prepare a regional or provincial/territorial Fish Health Management Strategy to coordinate fish health management procedures throughout the sector and provide a living compendium of the principal fish health issues in the sector
Actions Suggested Timeframe Status
  • Publish guidelines for aquaculture drug and pesticide submission requirements
Year 1

On-going

Outline a national integrated pest management framework for sea lice Year 1
Align biosecurity and fish health management plans to be complementary with NAAHP and PAR Year 3
Establish therapeutant residue levels and withdrawal times for other production species (e.g. sablefish, halibut) Year 3
Develop a National Fish Health Database in coordination with similar existing provincial / territorial plans Year 4
Industry to prepare corporate fish health management plans for all operating sites Year 1
Establish means to enable third party auditing of industry compliance with fish health management plans Year 3

Potential Contributors - DFO, British Columbia, CFIA, HC, Industry, Third-party Auditors


This table outlines the summary information related to the action item identified above. The first column indicates the specific action, the second column indicates the suggested timeframe, and the third column indicates the status of this action item.

FH-3 - Propose regulations under the Fisheries Act to enable administration of drugs and pest control products in aquaculture for fish pathogen and pest treatment within the conservation & protection mandate of the Act (i.e. s.35)
Actions Suggested Timeframe Status

Outline a regulatory process by which drugs and pest control products, technologies and procedures can be used for fish health management without contravening s. 32 or s.36 of the Fisheries Act while ensuring that proper measures are in place to conserve and protect fish and fish habitat

Year 1

On-going

Potential Contributors - DFO, EC, PMRA, VDD, CFIA


This table outlines the summary information related to the action item identified above. The first column indicates the specific action, the second column indicates the suggested timeframe, and the third column indicates the status of this action item.

FH-4 - Outline a minor-use program for aquaculture to enable access to therapeutic agents and pesticides approved in other jurisdictions or for other animal purposes
Actions Suggested Timeframe Status

Review international examples of minor use programs for small livestock sectors and develop an appropriate program for the Canadian aquaculture sector

Year 2

 

On-going

Potential Contributors - HC, VDD, PMRA, CFIA, DFO, Provinces/Territories, Industry


This table outlines the summary information related to the action item identified above. The first column indicates the specific action, the second column indicates the suggested timeframe, and the third column indicates the status of this action item.

FH-5 - Continue to develop and implement aquatic animal health measures through the NAAHP
Actions Suggested Timeframe Status

Build relations with aquaculture clients, processors and other stakeholder representatives to ensure existing and new information on the NAAHP is distributed effectively

  • develop a mechanism for clients to request information sessions be held to facilitate clear understanding of the program and its processes
Year 1

On-going

 

Implement  mandatory reporting Year 1  
Discuss and develop aquatic animal health emergency response plans, including MOUs or other agreements, with provinces/territories and other affected partners and stakeholders Year 1 On-going
Implement import controls Year 2  
Develop and implement zonation and movement permitting based on the health status of Eradication Areas or parts thereof Year 2  

Potential Contributors - CFIA, DFO, Provinces/ Territories, Industry

Aquatic Invasive Species

Aquatic invasive species are defined as "fish, animal, and plant species that have been introduced into a new aquatic ecosystem and are having harmful consequences for the natural resources in the native aquatic ecosystem and/or the human use of the resource" Footnote 3 and which have not become naturalized.  Identified vectors for transferring invasive species in aquatic environments include attachment to ship/boat hulls, transfer through ballast water, the use of live bait, aquarium/water garden trade, live food fish, and the movement of fisheries and aquaculture gear and products.Footnote 4

Once an invasive species has become established in an area, it becomes essential to develop innovative technologies and practices to effectively manage it. The NASAPI presents an opportunity to enhance measures to manage aquatic invasive species, which continue to be a nuisance to aquaculture operations and impose additional operating costs.

Action Items - Aquatic Invasive Species

This table outlines the summary information related to the action item identified above. The first column indicates the specific action, the second column indicates the suggested timeframe, and the third column indicates the status of this action item.

AIS-1 - Outline a regulation under the Fisheries Act to enable administration of products and procedures for prevention and management of aquatic invasive species in aquaculture
Actions Suggested Timeframe Status

Outline a regulatory process by which pesticides, drugs, chemicals, anaesthetics and disinfectants can be used for management of nuisance and invasive species without contravening s. 32 or s.36 of the Fisheries Act while ensuring that proper measures are in place to conserve and protect fish and fish habitat

Year 3

 

Potential Contributors - DFO HC, EC, CFIA, Provinces-Territories, Industry


This table outlines the summary information related to the action item identified above. The first column indicates the specific action, the second column indicates the suggested timeframe, and the third column indicates the status of this action item.

AIS-2 - Enhance research, communications and biosecurity related to aquatic invasive species
Actions Suggested Timeframe Status

Establish a British Columbia 'advisory' group to identify research priorities and to develop comprehensive protocols for proactive management of aquatic invasive species

Year 1

On-going

Foster education amongst commercial and recreational users of the aquatic resource base regarding means to avoid the inadvertent transfer of invasive species Year 1
Invest in research to better understand and control vectors for transfer of invasive species Year 3

Potential Contributors - British Columbia, DFO, EC, Industry, Universities, Research Organizations


This table outlines the summary information related to the action item identified above. The first column indicates the specific action, the second column indicates the suggested timeframe, and the third column indicates the status of this action item.

AIS-3 - Adopt an approach for management of aquatic invasive species that have not become naturalized
Actions Suggested Timeframe Status

Promote investment into pest management technologies and practices

Year 1

 

On-going
Outline protocols for effective pest management in marine finfish aquaculture operations Year 3 On-going

Potential Contributors - Provinces - Territories DFO, EC, Industry, Universities, Research Organizations

Emerging Technologies

Measures to improve sustainability and prosperity in aquaculture are driven largely by the application of innovative technologies. Looking toward the future development and expansion of aquaculture, there are several areas that warrant additional investment in innovation. The NASAPI presents an opportunity to address the following needs within the west coast marine finfish aquaculture sector.

Action Items - Emerging Technologies

This table outlines the summary information related to the action item identified above. The first column indicates the specific action, the second column indicates the suggested timeframe, and the third column indicates the status of this action item.

ET-2 - Quantify the environmental footprint, (e.g. carbon footprint, water quality impacts, sediments, chemicals, antibiotics, pesticides, nutrient loading, escapes, disease, etc.)  of aquaculture subsectors and identify areas where investment into green technologies is most pertinent
Actions Suggested Timeframe Status

Review opportunities to adopt green technologies to improve waste management, energy use, water consumption, pest control, recycling in aquaculture

Year 1

 

On going

Outline a comprehensive approach / methodology that would encompass all aspects of aquaculture environmental impacts for closed containment, RAS, open net cages, other technologies, etc. Year 2

Potential Contributors - DFO, Provinces - Territories Industry, Universities, research Organizations, EC, Other Stakeholders


This table outlines the summary information related to the action item identified above. The first column indicates the specific action, the second column indicates the suggested timeframe, and the third column indicates the status of this action item.

ET-3 - Invest in research and development to advance commercial closed-containment aquaculture (CCA) systems and recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS)
Actions Suggested Timeframe Status

Research available technologies for closed-containmentFootnote 5 aquaculture and identify opportunities for commercial-scale evaluation

Year 1

On-going

 

Identify principal areas of risk associated with RASFootnote 6 and identify appropriate risk mitigation strategies, including environmental and business risk management Year 1
Develop a comprehensive performance monitoring and management program to establish appropriate metrics for objective evaluation of CCA and RAS Year 1
Promote benchmarking associated with land-based aquaculture systems Year 3
Invest in a comprehensive assessment of markets to identify niche market opportunities specifically for products of CCA and RAS Year 1
If preliminary assessments confirm that closed containment aquaculture is practicable, outline a plan to foster further development of the technologies to  support this sector Year 5

Potential Contributors - DFO Provinces - Territories, Industry, NRC, Universities, Research Organizations, Other Stakeholders


This table outlines the summary information related to the action item identified above. The first column indicates the specific action, the second column indicates the suggested timeframe, and the third column indicates the status of this action item.

ET-6Footnote 7 - Advance development and implementation of Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA)
Actions Suggested Timeframe Status

Conduct a comprehensive assessment of markets, biophysical resources, production technologies and financial viability for cultivation of marine plants for use in:

  • seaweed extract fertilizers;
  • kelp meal for feed supplements and soil amendments;
  • edible sea vegetables;
  • seaweed ingredients for food, health and beauty markets; and
  • commercial brewing agents; etc.
Year 1

On-going

Continue to invest in evaluation of IMTA to address, among other things, overall environmental performance including life-cycle analysis of entire IMTA operation Year 1
Economic modelling for IMTA with various species: primary (e.g. finfish), secondary (e.g. shellfish) and tertiary (e.g. marine plants) Year 2

Potential Contributors - Industry Provinces - Territories, DFO, ECNRC, Universities, Research Organizations


This table outlines the summary information related to the action item identified above. The first column indicates the specific action, the second column indicates the suggested timeframe, and the third column indicates the status of this action item.

ET-9 - Improve productivity and efficiency through enhanced net pen technologies and practices.
Actions Suggested Timeframe Status

Refine technologies specifically related to biofouling control and predator control / management in net pens

Year 1
On-going
Develop methods to improve mort disposal (e.g. generation of alternative revenue streams such as composting) Year 1 On-going
Develop improved technologies for identifying and tracking toxic algae blooms and for preventing the interaction of blooms with fish in net pens Year 2  
Develop efficient means to oxygenate waters in net pens Year 2  

Potential Contributors - Industry Provinces - Territories, DFO, NRC, Universities, Research Organizations, Other Stakeholders

Aquatic Feeds

A nutritionally complete and balanced diet that meets the needs of fish for growth and health is essential to produce a wholesome, quality product. Moreover, feed is the ultimate source of faeces and other metabolic waste by-products in fish culture operations. Thus, feed and feeding strategy have a determining influence on the environmental effects of an aquaculture operation. Additionally, since feed typically accounts for 40 to 60 per cent of the cost of growing fish, feeding strategy is also a significant factor in the financial viability of an aquaculture venture.

Being piscivorous species, salmon and trout require fish meals and oils in their diets for optimal performance. The aquatic feed sector is working to develop more efficient and effective diets using a larger component of agriculture-based inputs as part of a continuous improvement initiative to reduce the overall cost of feeds and to mitigate public concerns regarding ‘feeding fish to fish.’ Similarly, the industry is also developing diets tailored specifically for recirculation and cage-culture operations. The federal Feeds Act mandates specified ranges for several nutrients used in aquatic diets. Diets having nutrient formulations outside of these ranges face a cumbersome regulatory registration process, which stifles innovation for development of improved diets for current production species as well as development of diets for emerging species. In some cases, the minimum nutrient level (e.g., phosphorus) is higher than the current minimum nutrient requirements of the species, which can make the diets less environmentally friendly.

The NASAPI presents an opportunity to advance technologies, management strategies and regulations that could improve the sustainability of aquaculture operations through better feeds and feeding practices.

Action Items - Aquatic Feeds

This table outlines the summary information related to the action item identified above. The first column indicates the specific action, the second column indicates the suggested timeframe, and the third column indicates the status of this action item.

AF-1 - Support R&D to improve the quality and availability of aquafeeds in Canada
Actions Suggested Timeframe Status

Continue to evaluate the availability of alternative feed ingredients sourced from the wild fishery and aquaculture (e.g. processing by-product, by-catch, etc.) to enhance the value of these resources, improve utilization and foster a more sustainable aquafeed sector

Year 1

On-going

Continue research on diets for alternative finfish species that are not yet widely produced (e.g. sablefish, halibut) Year 3 On-going
Support research to foster utilization of plant products in aquaculture diets as a replacement for fish meals and oils Year 3
On-going

Improve sustainability of aquafeed ingredients through:

  • advanced processing technologies
  • nutrigenomics
  • improved aquafeed formulation
  • innovative ingredient production processes
Year 5 On-going

Potential Contributors - Industry DFO, Universities, Research Organizations


This table outlines the summary information related to the action item identified above. The first column indicates the specific action, the second column indicates the suggested timeframe, and the third column indicates the status of this action item.

AF-2 - Develop predictive models for environmental performance based on feed formulation and utilization
Actions Suggested Timeframe Status

Support R&D to validate the prediction of environmental impacts from aquaculture operations based on feed use and hydrological conditions to establish credible environmental performance targets for feeds

Year 3

On-going

Potential Contributors - Universities Research Org’ns, DFO, NRC, Provinces - Territories, Industry


This table outlines the summary information related to the action item identified above. The first column indicates the specific action, the second column indicates the suggested timeframe, and the third column indicates the status of this action item.

AF-3 - Develop a proposal for a ‘modernized aquafeeds regulatory framework’
Actions Suggested Timeframe Status

Coordinate a Regulatory Review Study aimed at ensuring that issues pertinent to the Canadian aquafeed sector are adequately communicated and addressed in the exercise being undertaken by the Animal Nutrition Association of Canada (ANAC) for submission to CFIA

Year 1

On-going

 

 

 

Canadian aquafeed sector to develop an ongoing process to identify regulatory issues and communicate these formally to government on an annual basis Year 1 On-going

Potential Contributors - Industry / ANAC

Alternative Species Development

An industry is loosely defined as a group of companies producing more or less the same product using more or less the same processes and generating a profit. While not all ventures may be successful, collectively, the sector is generally profitable. By this measure, there are only a handful of industrial aquaculture sectors in Canada: salmon, trout, oysters, mussels and clams. On the other hand, there are many alternative species that are purported to have commercial potential. Successful commercialization of these alternative species for which the foundational research is complete requires a focused effort to overcome the last remaining challenges so that their production becomes commonplace.

Current fiscal challenges warrant a rational process to advance the diversification of the industry on a regional basis. Therefore, targeting resources strategically on a select number of emerging species with the greatest potential for economic viability is a practical industry diversification strategy. The status of various species purported to be feasible for commercial aquaculture has been assessed, leading to a prioritized list of species for further development. The goal of NASAPI is to advance commercial aquaculture development for these targeted species within a five-year horizon. The initiative does not preclude ongoing research into other potential species that are not yet sufficiently advanced for commercial-scale development.Footnote 8 Specific action plans for the prioritized west coast marine finfish species follow.

Action Items - Alternative Species (West Coast Marine Finfish)

This table outlines the summary information related to the action item identified above. The first column indicates the specific action, the second column indicates the suggested timeframe, and the third column indicates the status of this action item.

AS-1 – Foster development of commercially-viable sablefish (black cod) aquaculture
Actions Suggested Timeframe Status
Prepare a comprehensive business case and developmental plan for sablefish (black cod) aquaculture that includes a review of the following factors:
  • market opportunities
  • investment opportunities and challenges
  • technological needs/obstacles/critical constraints
  • realistic 5-year and 10-year projections for sector development

Year 1

 

The development plan could include but not limited to the following:

  • Improve diets and feed conversion
  • Genetic selection to improve growth and performance
  • Micro satellite dev’t for family lines / stock assess-ments
  • DNA analysis
  • Design a selective breeding program
  • Etc.
Initiate a comprehensive program to collect the necessary data to evaluate and quantify risks and evaluate insurance options for sablefish
Compile background information to support insurance product development

Potential Contributors - Industry Universities, Research Organizations, Regional Funding Agencies DFONRC, British Columbia

Risk Management and Access to Financing

Aquaculture is often still perceived as a high-risk industry. Many investors lack confidence in the industry, so debt and equity financing can be difficult and expensive to attract. This is particularly true for smaller producers such as those in the shellfish sector. Developing a more attractive investment climate for producers of all sizes is imperative, which is why it is important that both industry and governments define measures to quantify and reduce the risks inherent to aquaculture. For example, while many operations currently implement robust best management practices (BMPs) and standard operating procedures (SOPs) to mitigate risk, these practices are not yet universal. Moreover, until these and other practices, such as benchmarking,Footnote 9 become routine in the sector, it will be difficult to secure more affordable insurance coverage.

Consequently, producers are encumbered by high insurance premiums, inadequate insurance coverage, or no coverage at all.

Action Items - Risk Management & Access to Financing

This table outlines the summary information related to the action item identified above. The first column indicates the specific action, the second column indicates the suggested timeframe, and the third column indicates the status of this action item.

FIN-1 - Develop standardized operating procedures in all west coast marine finfish sectors
Actions Suggested Timeframe Status

In sectors where BMPs/SOPs do exist, review the protocols and update as necessary

Year 1

 

In sectors where they do not yet exist, develop risk management & mitigation strategies based on Best Management Practices and accompanying Standard Operating Procedures for all aquaculture operations Year 3
Foster use of 3rd-party audits to validate compliance with BMPs and SOPs Year 2

Potential Contributors - Industry

Infrastructure

Infrastructure comprises the core assets that support an economy by providing for communities’ and industries’ developmental and operational needs. It includes systems for water supply and treatment, energy, communications networks, transportation (roads, waterways, wharves, ports), etc. Infrastructure is also required to support the generation of knowledge to advance sustainable development (e.g. R&D capacity).

Although there have been preliminary efforts to identify requirements for aquaculture-specific infrastructure (ASI), a formal planning process to identify ASI requirements has not occurred. As a result, aquaculture development relies largely on infrastructure established for other purposes. Furthermore, the rural and often remote locations of aquaculture operations sometimes leave producers without adequate basic infrastructure to develop and efficiently operate their businesses. Such limitations inhibit daily operations, increase production costs, and create barriers to development. The NASAPI presents an opportunity to target infrastructure needs within the aquaculture sector in an effort to secure investment to advance sustainable aquaculture across the country.

Action Items - Infrastructure

This table outlines the summary information related to the action item identified above. The first column indicates the specific action, the second column indicates the suggested timeframe, and the third column indicates the status of this action item.

INF-1 - Prioritize wharf infrastructure requirements in British Columbia
Actions Suggested Timeframe Status

Re-examine the review of industry infrastructure requirements conducted in 2007 and update the study as necessary to meet the current needs of the sector

Year 1

 

Conduct cost-benefit analysis to improve wharf infrastructure Year 1
Where warranted, seek investment to improve wharves Year 2
Outline a limited use / limited access policy for wharfs to improve biosecurity Year 2

Potential Contributors - Industry DFO, TC, British Columbia


This table outlines the summary information related to the action item identified above. The first column indicates the specific action, the second column indicates the suggested timeframe, and the third column indicates the status of this action item.

INF-2 - Stimulate investment in other general infrastructure to support aquaculture development
Actions Suggested Timeframe Status

Foster identification of aquaculture as a priority area for economic development and investment within federal and provincial infrastructure programs

Year 1

 

Conduct regional (provincial) assessments of infrastructure requirements for existing and developing aquaculture sectors Year 2

Potential Contributors - Industry, DFO, British Columbia

Marketing and Certification

Demand for fish and seafood in domestic and international markets is driven largely by consumer perception of product quality, food safety and value. Assurances of environmentally sustainable production, socially acceptable resource use, adherence to stringent food safety protocols, and farm-to-market traceability for all products are increasingly sought by consumers and seafood buyers looking for independent verification of attributes beyond what would be certified by governments. As a result, and as evidenced by the emergence of high-profile eco-labelling and quality assurance programs, responsible certification systems with third-party compliance audits are increasingly important in the fish and seafood sector. Currently, however, the Canadian aquaculture industry operates under a variety of certification and product traceability systems. In the not-too-distant future, it is conceivable that producers and processors will be required to comply with one or more international certification programs to maintain market access.

For some Canadian aquaculture products, there has been insufficient effort directed toward generic market promotion. Producers and processors in some sectors are often unwilling to support such initiatives if they are not supported by all players. As a result, it has been difficult to increase demand and prices for aquaculture products. Additionally, some parts of the Canadian aquaculture sector are still largely focused on the production and sale of commodity products. Value-added products comprise only a small proportion of total output. The NASAPI presents an opportunity for producers, with government support, to review emerging market certification programs. It is also believed that generic marketing efforts will help to improve prosperity and stability within the sector.

Action Items - Marketing & Certification

This table outlines the summary information related to the action item identified above. The first column indicates the specific action, the second column indicates the suggested timeframe, and the third column indicates the status of this action item.

MC-1 - Support industry to adopt international aquaculture certification programs
Actions Suggested Timeframe Status

Identify appropriate certification standards for the west coast marine finfish aquaculture sector(s)

Year 1

On-going

Support industry with certification training and other efforts to facilitate entry into appropriate certification programs Year 1
Ascertain that BMPs and SOPs meet the requirements of emerging international certification standards Year 2
Foster use of 3rd-party audits to validate compliance with BMPs and SOPs Year 3

Potential Contributors - Industry DFO, British Columbia, AAFC


This table outlines the summary information related to the action item identified above. The first column indicates the specific action, the second column indicates the suggested timeframe, and the third column indicates the status of this action item.

MC-2 - Develop and implement generic marketing programs for aquaculture commodity products
Actions Suggested Timeframe Status

Review potential to establish a pilot program for generic marketing supported by an industry check-off system

Year 2

 

after an initial 3-year period, continuation of the program will be voted on by industry members

Potential Contributors - Industry DFO, British Columbia, AAFC

Labour and Skills Development

Aquaculture is often cited as offering the potential to attract or retain youth in coastal and rural communities by providing meaningful, resource-based employment. This is the case in several areas of the country (e.g. Vancouver Island, southwest New Brunswick). In other areas, however, it is difficult for aquaculture operations to attract labour; the land-based trout farming and shellfish sectors are two examples. To stay competitive, aquaculture requires a trained skilled and semi-skilled workforce.

The NASAPI presents an opportunity to re-examine the sector’s labour needs as well as the training and skills development programs offered by community colleges and universities throughout the country.

Action Items - Labour & Skills Development

This table outlines the summary information related to the action item identified above. The first column indicates the specific action, the second column indicates the suggested timeframe, and the third column indicates the status of this action item.

LSD-1 - Outline human resource strategies and programs leading toward a well-trained and productive workforce
Actions Suggested Timeframe Status

Evaluate technical skills requirements in the west coast marine finfish aquaculture sector and outline education, training and extension needs in the sector

Year 2

 

Outline a labour market strategy to attract young people to aquaculture Year 2

Potential Contributors - Industry, British Columbia, Academic Institutions, HRSDC, NRC-IRAP

APPENDIX 1 — LIST OF ACRONYMS

AAFC
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
ANAC
Animal Nutrition Association of Canada
ASI
Aquaculture-Specific Infrastructure
BKD
Bacterial Kidney Disease
BMP
Best Management Practice
CCFAM
Canadian Council of Fisheries and Aquaculture Ministers
CCFAMSMC
CCFAM Strategic Management Committee
CFIA
Canada Food Inspection Agency
DFO
Department of Fisheries and Oceans
EC
Environment Canada
HC
Health Canada
HRSDC
Human Resources and Skills Development Canada
INAC
Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
I&T
Introduction and Transfer (of aquatic organisms)
MOU
Memorandum of Understanding
NAAHP
National Aquatic Animal Health Program
NASAPI
National Aquaculture Strategic Action Plan Initiative
NRC
National Research Council
NWPA
Navigable Waters Protection Act
PMRA
Pest Management Regulatory Agency (Health Canada)
R&D
Research and Development
RAS
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems
SOP
Standard Operating Procedure
TAC
Total Allowable Catch
TC
Transport Canada
VDD
Veterinary Drugs Directorate (Health Canada)
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